23. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
When was the last time you dreamed? I’m not talking about what went down last night while you were sleeping. I’m talking about really letting your mind think over something major you want to make happen in your life. Can’t remember? Don’t have time for such follies? You need to change that, starting today. Sounds obvious, but the first step toward making a dream come true is to actually have a dream. At some point in your life, you probably wanted something with your whole heart and it didn’t happen. And that hurt. You might have stopped dreaming. Maybe you didn't do it consciously, but you began to avoid letting yourself go after scary goals. It’s a universal occurrence ― it happens to almost everyone. But you can overcome this
common limitation and start dreaming again.
*folly: 어리석은 행위
① 타인과 꿈을 공유하면 꿈을 이루기 쉽다.
② 꿈을 자주 변경하는 것은 위험할 수 있다.
③ 꿈을 이루기 위해서는 우선 꿈을 가져야 한다.
④ 꿈은 자신의 심리상태를 상징적으로 보여준다.
⑤ 실현 가능한 작은 꿈부터 실천하기 시작해야 한다.
24. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Many predators direct their initial attack at the head of their prey. Some prey species have taken advantage of this tendency by evolving false heads located at their posterior end. Individuals of the species Thecla togarna, for example, possess a false head with dummy antennae at the tips of their hindwings. Upon landing, the butterfly moves its hindwings, and thereby the dummy antennae up and down while keeping the true antennae motionless. Thecla togarna’s second trick occurs at the instant of landing when the butterfly quickly turns so that its false head points in the direction of previous flight. An approaching predator is thus confronted with a prey that flutters off in the direction opposite to that expected. Experimental tests have demonstrated that markings associated with false heads misdirect the attacks of avian predators and increase the possibility of escape of the prey. *avian: 조류의
① various landing skills of small flying animals
② strategic behaviors of birds to find their preys
③ negative aspects of disguising the head of insects
④ survival strategies of prey species using a false
head
⑤ complementary relationships between birds and
insects
25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
There is no way that we two-legged creatures can keep up with many four-legged animals in a head-to-head sprint, but in recent years, some anthropologists have suggested that the human species has evolved in such a way as to be built for marathon running. Researchers from Harvard University and the University of Utah point to our long legs and short arms as being suited to running ―necessary for our early hunter-gatherer lifestyle on the African savannah. More specifically, the scientists highlight the abundance of tendons in our legs used little in walking but essential for running; our large leg joints for shock absorption; and our relative lack of body hair for minimizing rises in body temperatures. These characteristics demonstrate that the human body as a whole is comparatively well suited to endurance running compared to other animals.
*tendon: 힘줄
① Limitations of Animal Running Speed
② How to Build Your Marathon Muscles
③ How Fast Can Humans Run 100 Meters?
④ Why Are Humans Good Long Distance Runners?
⑤ Basic Methods of Endurance Training for
Running
26. 밑줄 친 He[he]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
Bruce Adolphe first met Yo-Yo Ma at the Juilliard School in New York City. Although Ma was only fifteen years old at the time, ① he was already an established performer. Even at the age of seven, ② he had played at the White House. Meanwhile, Adolphe was a promising young composer who had just written his first cello piece. ③He had shown a draft of his composition to a Juilliard instructor, who told him that the piece featured a chord that was impossible to play. Before Adolphe could correct the music, however, Ma decided to rehearse the composition in his dorm room. ④ He played through his friend’s composition, sight-reading the whole thing. And when that impossible chord came, ⑤ he somehow found a way to play it and his bow was straight across all four strings.
27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]
An ambiguous term is one which has more than a single meaning and ① whose context does not clearly indicate which meaning is intended. For instance, a sign posted at a fork in a trail which ② reads “Bear To The Right” can be understood in two ways. The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left. But let us ③say that the ranger who painted the sign meant to say just the opposite. He was trying to warn hikers against taking the right trail because there is a bear in the area through which it passes. The ranger’s language was therefore careless, and open to misinterpretation ④ what could have serious consequences. The only way to avoid ambiguity is to spell things out as ⑤ explicitly as possible: “Keep left. Do not use trail to the right. Bears in the area.”
28. (A),(B),(C)의각네모안에서문맥에맞는낱말로가장적절한것은?
If you place in a bottle half a dozen bees and the same number of flies, and lay the bottle down horizontally, with its base to the window, you will find that the bees will (A) delay / continue their endeavor to look for an exit through the glass till they die of exhaustion; while the flies will soon escape the bottle through the neck on the opposite side. It is the bees’ love of light, it is their very intelligence, that causes their (B) success / failure in this experiment. They evidently imagine that the exit from every prison must be there where the light shines clearest; and they act in accordance, and they persist in too logical action. The flies are careless of logic. They flutter wildly here and there disregarding the call of the light and end up (C) ignoring/discovering the opening that restores their liberty to them.
(A) (B) (C)
① delay …… success …… discovering
② delay …… failure …… ignoring
③ continue …… failure …… discovering
④ continue …… failure …… ignoring
⑤ continue …… success …… discovering
29. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The graph above shows the advertising revenue trends in Television, Internet, Newspaper, and Radio in Canada from 2002 to 2011. ①All the media’s advertising revenues in 2011 except Newspaper’s increased compared to the year of 2002. ② Television advertising revenue ranked the highest each year throughout the period between 2002 and 2011. ③ During the given period, the gap between Television advertising revenue and Newspaper advertising revenue was the smallest in 2002, but the gap was over 1,500 million dollars in 2011. ④ In 2002, Internet advertising revenue was smaller than any other media but it began to outgrow Radio advertising revenue after 2008. ⑤ Radio advertising revenue was more than half of Television advertising revenue in 2011.
30. Vivian Malone Jones에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Vivian Malone Jones was the first African-American woman who entered the University of Alabama in 1963, along with fellow black student James Hood. Their entry resulted in then Governor George Wallace standing in the door of the university in an attempt to halt their admission. They entered the university but only after an agreement was reached between the White House and Wallace’s aides. Ms. Jones further distinguished herself as the first African-American to graduate from the University of Alabama in 1965. She moved to Washington, DC and joined the U.S. Department of Justice as a staff member of its Voter Education Project. Following that assignment, she moved to Atlanta and took a position with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), where she was director of civil rights and urban affairs. She retired in 1996 remaining active in civil rights organizations.
① Alabama 대학교에 들어간 최초의 흑인여성이다.
② 대학정문에서 George Wallace의 환영을 받았다.
③ 1965년에 대학교를 졸업했다.
④ Atlanta로 이주하여 EPA에서 근무했다.
⑤ 은퇴 후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.
31.
It is not a new idea that cooking is an activity that humans. In 1773, the Scottish writer James Boswell, noting that “no beast is a cook,” called Homo sapiens “the cooking animal.” Fifty years later, in The Physiology of Taste, the French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin claimed that cooking made us who we are; by teaching men to use fire, it had “done the most to advance the cause of civilization.” More recently, Léi-Strauss, writing in The Raw and the Cooked in 1964, reported that many of the world’s cultures entertained a similar view, regarding cooking as the symbolic activity that “establishes the difference between animals and people.”
* gastronome: 미식가
① defines ② protects ③ harms
④ confuses ⑤ entertains
32.
When we begin each book, we roll up our sleeves and do everything we can to ease students into academic reading. This means that we frame the text before students read it. We provide a specific purpose for reading each chapter. We design close readings that enable kids to explore more deeply than surface-level reading. We model to students how we would read the text. About halfway through the novel, we should begin to step out of the process and begin requiring our students to take the journey on their own. Teachers should not hold the hands of their students all the way through the novel. If the front half of the book is taught properly, students should be equipped to read the second half of the book with much less assistance from the instructor. Students should be encouraged to . [3점]
① come up with creative ideas through writing
② make their own plans for choosing good books
③ transition from the guided tour into the solo
tour
④ buy some novels before setting out on a journey
⑤ learn how to read from their teachers all the
time
33.
Consider the “power” of a baseball bat. All the energy gained by the bat is supplied by the batter. The bat is just an instrument that helps send the ball on its way. If it does its job well, then we usually say that the bat is powerful. In physics terms, we should really describe the bat in terms of its efficiency. An efficient bat would be one that allows the batter to transfer the energy in his arms to the ball without in the process. In fact, all bats are very inefficient in the sense that only a small fraction of the energy in the arms is given to the ball. Most of that energy is retained in the bat and in the arms as a result of the “follow through” after the bat strikes the ball. [3점]
① any friction to the ball
② too much loss of energy
③ decrease of swing speed
④ help from another instrument
⑤ enhancement of physical strength
34.
Actors sometimes jump at the chance to play a huge response to some big news. One character says to another, “You just won a million dollars!” And the actor immediately jumps up and down and yells about winning a million dollars. But what would a person do? Stanislavski, a famous Russian theater director, spoke of . It often takes time for a person to process information― whether it’s very good or very bad. Think back to a time in your life when some big news was delivered. What did you do? Did you immediately jump up and down, scream with joy or pain? Or did you just sit down for a moment, saying nothing? How long did it take to really understand that you won that award before you responded? Be a person. Don’t just go for emotion or the obvious response. [3점]
① reflective delay
② social interaction
③ unintended result
④ selective attention
⑤ individual contribution
35.
There is no frame-free way to evaluate anything. Consider this example. College students were asked whether they would support a multimillion-dollar safety measure that would save 150 lives at risk. Is 150 lives a lot or a little? Well, compared with what? Other students were asked whether they would support a safety measure that would save 98 percent of 150 lives at risk. These students were more favorable toward it than the students who were told it would save 150 lives. Obviously, saving 150 lives is better than saving 98 percent of 150 lives, but a measure that saved 98 percent of the lives seems clearly cost-effective. The 98 percent figure provides the students with a frame that 150 lives by itself does not. Whether the money spent on safety is seen as a wise decision or not will depend on . When people are told that a safety measure will save 98 percent of 150 lives, a frame is created between 150 lives and 98 percent of 150 lives. [3점]
① the analysis of the input
② the context of comparison
③ the expectation of investors
④ the effort of risk management
⑤ the background of respondents
36.
The danger that the human population poses to the environment is the result of two factors: the (A) of people and the environmental impact of each person. When there were few people on Earth and limited technology, the human impact was primarily local. Even so, people have affected the environment for a surprisingly long time. It started with the use of fire to clear land, and it continued, new research shows, with large effects on the environment by early civilizations. For example, large areas of North America were modified by American Indians, who used fire for a variety of reasons and modified the forests of the eastern United States. The problem now is that there are so many people and our technologies are so powerful that our effects on the environment are even more (B) . This could cause a negative feedback― the more people, the worse the environment; the worse the environment, the fewer people. [3점]
(A) (B)
① number …… global
② number …… limited
③ knowledge …… positive
④ movement …… accidental
⑤ movement …… exaggerated
37.
A decision can be rational without being right and right without being rational. This has been illustrated through many examples in history. (A) , in the battle of Narva (on the border between Russia and what we now call Estonia) on 20 November 1700, King Carl of Sweden and his 8,000 troops attacked the Russian army, led by Tsar Peter the Great. The tsar had about ten times as many troops at his disposal. Most historians agree that the Swedish attack was irrational, since it was almost certain to fail. (B) , the Swedes had no strategic reason for attacking; they could not expect to gain very much from victory. However, because of an unexpected snowstorm that blinded the Russian army, the Swedes won. The battle was over in less than two hours. The Swedes lost 667 men and the Russians approximately 15,000.
(A) (B)
① For instance …… Moreover
② For instance …… Therefore
③ Furthermore …… Therefore
④ However …… Similarly
⑤ However …… Moreover
38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
We’re creatures of habit. In all the years I’ve been hearing that old expression, I’ve never heard anyone dispute it. Probably because there’s so much truth to it.
(A) While someone might argue that particular figure, I doubt that anyone would disagree that our habits have a powerful hold on us. Most of them start innocently and unintentionally. At the beginning they form a kind of invisible thread.
(B) In fact, we’re even more the result of habit than most people realize. Some psychologists believe that up to ninety-five percent of our behavior is formed through habit.
(C) But through repetition, that thread becomes twisted into a cord and later into a rope. Each time we repeat an act, we add to it and strengthen it. The rope becomes a chain and then a cable. Eventually, we become our habits.
① (A) -(C) -(B) ② (B) - (A) -(C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) -(B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Compare this to the situation that occurs when the same man is stepping into an elevator and another person steps in front of him, invading his personal territory.
Psychologists have noted that people driving a car react in a manner that is often completely unlike their normal social behavior as regards their territories. ( ① ) It seems that a car sometimes has a magnifying effect on the size of a person’s personal space. ( ② ) In some cases, their territory is expanded by up to ten times the normal size, so the driver feels that he has a claim to an area of 9 to 10 meters in front of and behind his car. ( ③ ) When another driver cuts in front of him, even if no danger is involved, the driver may go through a physiological change, becoming angry and out of control. ( ④ ) His reaction in those circumstances is normally apologetic and he allows the other man to go first. ( ⑤ ) This is remarkably different from what happens when another driver cuts in front of him on the open road.
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
One of the companies I work with gets thousands of calls every day to its customer support center. Sometimes the problems can be solved right away, but often the service representative has to look into the matter and call back later. When the company subsequently surveyed its customers to see how satisfied they had been with the support center, one of the results was something intriguing: 58 percent of customers whose problem had been solved right away remembered that their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,” while only 4 percent remembered having been kept waiting “too long.” Meanwhile, of those customers whose problem had not been solved right away, only 36 percent remembered their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,” while 18 percent recalled they had waited “too long.” In fact, the company had an automated answering system and there was no difference in waiting time between the two groups.
According to the survey, whether a customer’s problem was solved (A) or not had an impact on the customer’s (B) of how fast the phone call had been answered.
(A) (B)
① completely …… response
② completely …… evaluation
③ previously …… curiosity
④ immediately …… perception
⑤ immediately …… expectation
★ [41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
In the early fifteenth century, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent his sailors to explore Africa and open it to Portuguese trade. Portuguese expeditions began to work their way down the western coast, always within sight of land. Upon reaching Cape Bojador, a rocky stretch of desolate coast with terrifying currents, the Portuguese sailors would inevitably turn back, convinced that this was the end of land and that no ship would ever pass it. Prince Henry sent out 15 expeditions between 1424 and 1434 until finally one succeeded by sailing a few kilometers out to sea and going south for a few kilometers, thereby passing the dangerous rocks and currents. As a navigation feat, this change of direction was trivial. While it is true that their ships were not strong and their navigation tools were primitive, the major barrier was not technological but the fear of losing sight of land. We can say that the feat of Christopher Columbus was far more difficult technically, but he too faced a major barrier of fear, both in his sponsors and in his crew. Once the Atlantic was crossed, this fear was swept away and only the reasonable fears of shipwreck, disease, and sea monsters remained. Many barriers are of this type. They are not merely unknown, but unimaginable. Major development can be achieved by having the courage to recognize and overcome barriers, just as the Portuguese and Spanish sailors did.
41. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the problem of limitless creativity
② the importance of analytical thinking
③ the obstacle in undertaking adventures
④ the necessity of innovative technology
⑤ the benefit of taking safe sailing routes
42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① racial ② mental
③ cultural ④ geographical
⑤ technological
★ [43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A) Two boys were playing on a beach, seeing who could skim a rock out the farthest. This was their vacation, and it was good to find the sea flat this morning, particularly after several days of wild storms when the sea had been whipped up to a frenzy. Turbulent waves and high tides had washed lots of poor sea creatures ashore. The boys found themselves walking through jellyfish, starfish, crabs, and other little animals that coated the beach like a dying blanket.
(B) Slowly dropping her hands a little lower, she let the little creature feel the refreshing touch of the sea. The octopus spread its tentacles as if feeling good to be back home once again. Supportively, the girl’s hands cupped the young animal until it gathered the strength and propelled itself forward in the water. She stood watching, a faint smile on her face at the pleasure of seeing another creature safely on its way. Only then did she turn and retrace her steps to the shore. Finally, she seemed to notice the laughing boys. Looking them in the eye, she said, “It sure made a difference for that one!”
(C) At the end of the beach the boys noticed a girl frequently wading in and out of the water. Curious to see what she was doing, they headed off in her direction. As they got closer, they saw that she would bend down and pick up one of the sea creatures. She cradled it gently in her hands, waded out into the water, and released it back in its home. Then she returned to the shore, picked up yet another creature, and gently carried it back into the water.
(D) The boys began to laugh. It was just the sort of silly stuff they could expect a girl do. “Hey,” they called out, “what are you doing? Can’t you see you ain’t gonna make any difference? The beach is covered with thousands of dead and dying creatures.” And they laughed some more. The girl seemed to ignore them at first. She picked up a lifeless-looking young octopus, nursed it carefully in her hands, and walked back into the ocean as if the boys didn’t exist. She lowered the octopus into the water, tenderly washing away the sand and seaweed that had collected over it and entangled its tentacles. *tentacle: 촉수
43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (B) - (C) - (D) ② (B) - (D) -(C)
③ (C) - (B) - (D) ④ (C) - (D) -(B)
⑤ (D) - (B) - (C)
44. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Boys Who Loved the Sea Creatures
② A Small Good Deed Can Save a Life
③ All You Need to Know about Nature
④ Seriousness of the Man-Made Disaster
⑤ What Makes Men Different from Animals?
45. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
① 며칠간의 폭풍이 지나가고 바다는 잔잔해졌다.
② 물속에서 문어가 힘을 내서 앞으로 나아갔다.
③ 소녀는 몸을 굽혀서 바다생물을 집어 들었다.
④ 소년들은 소녀의 행동을 칭찬했다.
⑤ 소녀는 소년들을 처음 보았을 때 무시하는듯했다.
23. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
When was the last time you dreamed? 언제 마지막으로 꿈을 꾸었나? I’m not talking about what went down last night while you were sleeping. 나는 여러분이 잠을 자고 있던 지난밤에 일어난 것에 말하고 있는 것은 아니다. I’m talking about really letting your mind think over something major you want to make happen in your life. 나는 여러분의 마음이 인생에서 일어나기를 원하는 주요한 어떤 것에 진정으로 곰곰이 생각하게 하는지에 관해 이야기하고 있다. Can’t remember? Don’t have time for such follies? 기억할 수 없나? 그러한 어리석은 것에 (낭비할) 시간이 없나? You need to change that, starting today. 오늘 시작하여, 그것을 바꿀 필요가 있다. Sounds obvious, but the first step toward making a dream come true is to actually have a dream. 분명하게 들릴지 모르나 한 발짝 앞으로 나아가, 꿈을 이룬다는 것은 사실 꿈을 꾸는 것이다. At some point in your life, you probably wanted something with your whole heart and it didn’t happen. 여러분의 인생의 어느 시점에서, 여러분은 열렬히 무언가를 아마 원했고 그것은 일어나지 않았다. And that hurt. You might have stopped dreaming. 그것은 상처가 되었다. 여러분은 꿈꾸는 것을 멈추었을지 모른다.
Maybe you didn't do it consciously, but you began to avoid letting yourself go after scary goals. 아마 여러분은 그것(꿈꾸는 것을 멈춘 일)을 의식적으로 한 것이 아니라 여러분 스스로가 무서운 목표를 추구하는 것을 피하기 시작했다. It’s a universal occurrence ― it happens to almost everyone. 그것은 보편적인 발생이다. 즉 거의 모든 사람에게 일어난다. But you can overcome this common limitation and start dreaming again. (*folly: 어리석은 행위) 그러나 여러분은 이러 일반적인 한계를 극복하여 다시 꿈을 꾸는 것을 시작할 수 있다.
① 타인과 꿈을 공유하면 꿈을 이루기 쉽다.
② 꿈을 자주 변경하는 것은 위험할 수 있다.
③ 꿈을 이루기 위해서는 우선 꿈을 가져야 한다.
④ 꿈은 자신의 심리상태를 상징적으로 보여준다.
⑤ 실현 가능한 작은 꿈부터 실천하기 시작해야 한다.
24. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Many predators direct their initial attack at the head of their prey. 많은 포식동물들은 그들의 초기 공격을 그들 먹이의 머리로 향한다. ( predator : 포식동물, 약탈자) Some prey species have taken advantage of this tendency by evolving false heads located at their posterior end. 어떤 먹이 종은 그들 뒤쪽 끝에 위치한 거짓된 머리를 진화시키는 것으로 이런 경향을 이용한다. (posterior : 뒤쪽의) Individuals of the species Thecla togarna, for example, possess a false head with dummy antennae at the tips of their hindwings. 예를 들어, Thecla togarna같은 종은 그들 날개 끝 쪽에 있는 모조 안테나가 달린 거짓된 머리를 소유하고 있다. (dummy 모조의)Upon landing, the butterfly moves its hindwings, and thereby the dummy antennae up and down while keeping the true antennae motionless. 착륙 시, 나비는 뒤 쪽 날개를 움직여, 진짜 안테나는 움직이지 않게 유지하는 동안 모조 안테나를 위 아래로 움직인다. Thecla togarna’s second trick occurs at the instant of landing when the butterfly quickly turns so that its false head points in the direction of previous flight. Thecla togarna의 두 번째 속임수는 가짜 머리가 이전 비행방향으로 향하게 하기 위해 빠르게 방향을 트는 즉시 일어난다. (at the instant of landing : 착륙 즉시) An approaching predator is thus confronted with a prey that flutters off in the direction opposite to that expected. 그리하여 접근하는 포식자는 기대된 것과 반대방향에서 퍼덕거리는 먹이에 직면한다. (flutter : [새가] 날개치다, [길발, 돛 등이] 펄럭이다) Experimental tests have demonstrated that markings associated with false heads misdirect the attacks of avian predators and increase the possibility of escape of the prey. (*avian: 조류의) 실험실의 연구는 가짜 머리와 연관된 표시는 조류 포식자의 공격을 딴 방향으로 이끌어서 먹이 탈출 가능성을 증가시킨다는 것을 보여 주었다.
① various landing skills of small flying animals
작은 날 짐승들의 다양한 착륙 기법
② strategic behaviors of birds to find their preys
그들의 먹이를 찾기 위한 새들의 전략적인 행동
③ negative aspects of disguising the head of insects
곤충의 머리를 속이는 부정적인 측면
④ survival strategies of prey species using a false head 가짜 머리를 사용하는 먹이 종의 생존 전략
⑤ complementary relationships between birds and insects 새와 곤충 사이의 보완적인 관계
25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
There is no way that we two-legged creatures can keep up with many four-legged animals in a head-to-head sprint, 우리 두 다리를 가진 생명체는 많은 네 다리를 가진 동물들과 정면 달리기에서 따라 잡을 수는 없다. but in recent years, some anthropologists have suggested that the human species has evolved in such a way as to be built for marathon running. 그러나 최근 몇 년 동안, 몇몇 인류학자들은 인간은 마라톤 달리기를 위해 형성된 방식으로 진화해 왔다고 암시했다. Researchers from Harvard University and the University of Utah point to our long legs and short arms as being suited to running ―necessary for our early hunter-gatherer lifestyle on the African savannah. 하버드와 유타 대학의 연구진들은 우리의 긴 다리와 짧은 팔은 달리기에 적합한 것으로 지적한다. - 즉 아프리카 대초원에서 인류 초기의 사냥꾼에게 필요한 More specifically, the scientists highlight the abundance of tendons in our legs used little in walking but essential for running;
더욱 특별하게, 과학자들은 걸을 때 거의 사용하지 않지만 달리기 위해 필수적인 인간의 다리엔 많은 힘줄이 있다는 것을 강조한다. our large leg joints for shock absorption; and our relative lack of body hair for minimizing rises in body temperatures.
즉, 충격을 흡수하기 위한 큰 다리 관절; 체온의 상승을 최소화하기 위한 비교적 적은 체모(leg joints 다리 관절) These characteristics demonstrate that the human body as a whole is comparatively well suited to endurance running compared to other animals. (*tendon: 힘줄) 이러한 특징들은 인간의 신체는 전체적으로 다른 동물들과 비교하여 달리기 지구력을 비교적 잘 적합하다라는 것을 보여준다.
① Limitations of Animal Running Speed
동물 달기기 속력의 한계
② How to Build Your Marathon Muscles
마라톤 근육을 증강시키는 방법
③ How Fast Can Humans Run 100 Meters?
인간 얼마나 빨리 100미터를 주파하는가?
④ Why Are Humans Good Long Distance Runners?
왜 인간은 장거리 달리기에 좋은가?
⑤ Basic Methods of Endurance Training for Running
달리기를 위한 지구력 훈련의 기본적인 방법
26. 밑줄 친 He[he]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
Bruce Adolphe first met Yo-Yo Ma at the Juilliard School in New York City.
Bruce Adolphe는 뉴욕시의 Juilliard School에서 Yo-Yo Ma를 처음 만났다. Although Ma was only fifteen years old at the time, ① he was already an established performer. 비록 Ma는 그 당시에 15살에 불과했을 지라도, 그는(Ma) 이미 인정받은 연주자였다.
(established : 인정된, 확립된)
Even at the age of seven, ② he had played at the White House. Meanwhile, Adolphe was a promising young composer who had just written his first cello piece. 심지어 7세의 나이에도 불구하고, 그는(Ma)는 백악관에서 연주를 한 적이 있다. 그러는 동안, Adolphe는 그의 첫 번째 첼로곡을 막 작곡한 유망한 젊은 작가였다.
③He had shown a draft of his composition to a Juilliard instructor, who told him that the piece featured a chord that was impossible to play.
그가(Adolphe) 쥴리어드 강사에게 그가 작곡한 초안을 보여줬을 때, 그 강사는 그에게 그 곡은 연주가 불가능한 화음의 특징이 있다고 말했다.
- feature : ~의 특징을 이루다
Before Adolphe could correct the music, however, Ma decided to rehearse the composition in his dorm room. Adolphe는 그 음악을 수정하기 전에, Ma는 기숙사 방에서 그 작곡을 예행연습하기로 결심했다.
④ He played through his friend’s composition, sight-reading the whole thing. 그는(Ma) 모든 것을 한 번 보고 연주하면서 그의 친구의 작곡을 끝까지 연주했다. - play through : 끝까지 연주하다 / sight-read : 한 번 보고 연주하다.
And when that impossible chord came, ⑤he somehow found a way to play it and his bow was straight across all four strings.
그리하여 그 불가능한 음에 다달었을 때, 그는(Ma) 그것을 연주하는 방식을 발견했고 그의 활은 곧바로 모든 4현에 가로질러 연주했다.
27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]
An ambiguous term is one which has more than a single meaning and ① whose context does not clearly indicate which meaning is intended.
모호한 용어는 단 하나의 의미 이상을 갖는 것이고 그 문맥은 어느 의미가 의도되었는지를 명확하게 암시하지 않는다.
[분석] 소유격 whose + 명사 : whose는 an ambiguous term을 의미함 / whose context : 그 문맥은
- ambiguous : 두 가지 (이상의) 해석이 가능한, 모호한 / context : 문맥, 상황, 전후관계 / indicate : 나타내다, 암시하다
For instance, a sign posted at a fork in a trail which ② reads “Bear To The Right” can be understood in two ways.
예를 들어, “오른쪽으로 가세요.”라고 쓰인 오솔길의 갈래 길에 세워진 신호판은 두 가지 방식으로 이해될 수 있다.
[분석] read : [온도계, 시계 등이] [몇도, 몇시 등을] 가르키다, 표시하다
- trail : 오솔길 / fork : 분기, 갈래 / bear : ~으로 향하다
The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left.
더욱 가능성 있는 의미는 등산객들에게 왼쪽이 아닌 오른쪽 길을 택하라는 것을 알려주고 있는 것이다.
But let us ③say that the ranger who painted the sign meant to say just the opposite.
그러나 그 신호판을 제작한 공원관계자는 단지 그 반대 (의미)를 알리려고 의미했다고 하자.
[분석] let(사역동사) + us(목적어) + say(원형동사) : let us say that ~라 말하자
He was trying to warn hikers against taking the right trail because there is a bear in the area through which it passes.
그는 등산객들에게 오른쪽 길로 가지 말라고 경고하고자 했다. 왜냐하면 곰이 그 지역을 통과하기 때문이다.
[분석] the area through which it passes = it[a bear] passes through the area을 관계대명사(which)를 사용한 것임.
The ranger’s language was therefore careless, and open to misinterpretation ④ what could have serious consequences.
그 공원관리인의 의미는 그러므로 조심성 없는 것이었고 심각한 결과를 야기할 수도 있는 잘못된 해석에 노출되었다.
[분석] misinterpretation과 could have serious consequences는 관계대명사로 연결이 되야함. what은 자체적으로 선행사+관계대명사이기 때문
- language : 말씨, 표현, 의미 / open : 노출된
The only way to avoid ambiguity is to spell things out as ⑤ explicitly as possible:
모호성을 피하는 유일한 방법은 가능한 명확하게 사물을 분명히 설명하는 것이다.
[분석] as 형용사/부사 as possible : 가능한 ~(형용사/부사)하게, 부사인 explicitly(분명하게)는 spell out인 동사를 수식
- spell out : ~을 분명히[상세히] 설명하다
“Keep left. Do not use trail to the right. Bears in the area.”
“즉, 계속 왼쪽으로 가세요. 오른쪽 길을 사용하지 마세요. 그곳에 곰이 있습니다. 라고”
28. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?
If you place in a bottle half a dozen bees and the same number of flies, and lay the bottle down horizontally, with its base to the window,
만일 여러분이 병 안에 6마리 꿀벌과 같은 수의 파리를 넣고 바닥을 창을 향하여 병을 수평으로 뉘어 놓았다면,
[분석] place in A B : A안에 B를 놓다 / lay down : 눕혀 놓다
you will find that the bees will (A) delay / continue their endeavor to look for an exit through the glass till they die of exhaustion;
여러분은 꿀벌들은 그들이 지쳐서 죽을 때까지 유리 출구를 찾기 위해 노력을 계속할 것이다라는 것을 알게 될 것이다.
[분석] their endeavor : 그들의 노력은 continue와 어울린다, 또한 출구를 찾기 위해서는 계속적인(continue)를 해야하기 때문이다.
while the flies will soon escape the bottle through the neck on the opposite side.
반면에 파리들은 반대쪽의 병 입구를 통해 곧 탈출할 것이다.
It is the bees’ love of light, it is their very intelligence, that causes their (B) success / failure in this experiment.
이것은 꿀벌이 빛을 좋아하는 특성이고 아주 지능이 있다는 것으로 이 실험에서 꿀벌은 실패의 원인이 된다.
[분석] 윗 문장에서 till they die of exhaustion으로 볼 때, 결국에 죽는다는 것이므로 꿀벌은 ‘실패(failure)'한다는 것이 옳음
They evidently imagine that the exit from every prison must be there where the light shines clearest;
그들(꿀벌)은 모든 감옥으로부터 (탈출하기 위한) 출구는 빛이 가장 분명하게 드는 곳이 틀림없다고 분명히 추측한다.
and they act in accordance, and they persist in too logical action.
그리하여 그들은 따라서 행동하고 너무 논리적 행동을 지속한다.
- persist (자) 지속하다, 고집하다
The flies are careless of logic.
파리는 논리에 둔하다.
They flutter wildly here and there disregarding the call of the light and end up (C) ignoring/discovering the opening that restores their liberty to them.
그들(파리)은 빛의 신호를 무시하여 사방을 마구 퍼덕거리며 결국 자유를 그들에게 회복시켜주는 출구를 발견하는 것으로 끝이 난다.
- call : 신호, 외침
29. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
The graph above shows the advertising revenue trends in Television, Internet, Newspaper, and Radio in Canada from 2002 to 2011.
위 차트는 2002년부터 2011년 까지 캐나다에서 텔레비전, 인터넷, 신문, 그리고 라디오에서의 광고소득 추세를 보여준다.
① All the media’s advertising revenues in 2011 except Newspaper’s increased compared to the year of 2002.
2011년 모든 매체의 광고소득은 신문 (광고소득)을 제외하고 2002년의 (광고소득)과 비교하여 증가했다.
[분석] except Newspaper's (advertising revenues) 이 생략된 형태임 / compared to : ~와 비교하여
② Television advertising revenue ranked the highest each year throughout the period between 2002 and 2011.
텔레비전 광고소득은 2002년부터 2011년까지 내내 매년 가장 높은 순위였다.
③ During the given period, the gap between Television advertising revenue and Newspaper advertising revenue was the smallest in 2002, but the gap was over 1,500 million dollars in 2011.
그 주어진 기간 동안(2002년부터 2011년까지), 텔레비전 광고소득과 신문광고소득의 차는 2002년에 가장 작았지만, 그 격차는 2011년에 1,500만 달러 이상이었다.
[분석] 2011년 텔레비전 광고소득(3,552)에서 신문광고소득(1,971)을 빼면 1,581이므로 ‘over(이상)’ 표현이 맞음.
④ In 2002, Internet advertising revenue was smaller than any other media but it began to outgrow Radio advertising revenue after 2008.
2002년에 인터넷 광고소득은 어떤 다른 매체보다 더 작았지만, 2008년 이후로 라디오 광고소득을 훨씬 앞지르기 시작했다.
⑤ Radio advertising revenue was more than half of Television advertising revenue in 2011.
라디오 광고소득은 2011년에 텔레비전 광고소득의 반 이상이었다.
[분석] 2011년 라디오 광고소득(1,575)이고 텔레비전 광고소득(3,552)이므로 라디오와 텔레비전 소득이 바뀌어야 옳음.
30. Vivian Malone Jones에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Vivian Malone Jones was the first African-American woman who entered the University of Alabama in 1963, along with fellow black student James Hood.
Vivian Malone Jones는 동료 흑인학생인 James Hood와 함께 1963년에 Alabama대학에 들어간 최초의 아프리카계 미국인이었다.
[분석] ① Alabama 대학교에 들어간 최초의 흑인여성이다.
Their entry resulted in then Governor George Wallace standing in the door of the university in an attempt to halt their admission.
그들의 대학 등록은 그들의 입학을 방해하기 위한 시도로 주지사인 George Wallace가 대학정문에서 서게하는 결과를 낳았다.
[분석] ② 대학정문에서George Wallace의 환영을 받았다. → 환영이 아닌, 방해를 받음
They entered the university but only after an agreement was reached between the White House and Wallace’s aides.
그들은 백악관과 Wallace의 보좌관들 사이의 협의가 이뤄진 후에야 대학에 들어갈 수 있었다.
Ms. Jones further distinguished herself as the first African-American to graduate from the University of Alabama in 1965.
Jones은 1965년에 그 대학을 졸업한 첫 번째 아프리카계 미국인으로서 더욱 두각을 나타냈다.
[분석] ③ 1965년에 대학교를 졸업했다.
She moved to Washington, DC and joined the U.S. Department of Justice as a staff member of its Voter Education Project.
그녀는 워싱턴 DC로 옮겨서 Voter Education Project(유권자교육계획)의 직원으로서 미 법무부에서 근무했다.
Following that assignment, she moved to Atlanta and took a position with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), where she was director of civil rights and urban affairs.
그 직책의 임명 뒤로, 그녀는 아틀랜타로 옮겨 EPA(환경보호단체)에서 근무했다. 그곳에서 그녀는 인권단체와 도시문제의 책임자가 되었다.
④ Atlanta로이주하여 EPA에서 근무했다.
She retired in 1996 remaining active in civil rights organizations.
그녀는 1996년에 은퇴 후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.
⑤ 은퇴후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.
① Alabama 대학교에 들어간 최초의 흑인여성이다.
② 대학정문에서 George Wallace의 환영을 받았다.
③ 1965년에 대학교를 졸업했다.
④ Atlanta로 이주하여 EPA에서 근무했다.
⑤ 은퇴 후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.
31.
It is not a new idea that cooking is an activity that humans.
요리가 인간의 ~하는 활동이라는 것은 새삼스런 생각은 아니다.
[분석] it is A that S + V : A를 강조하기 위한 구문임.
In 1773, the Scottish writer James Boswell, noting that “no beast is a cook,” called Homo sapiens “the cooking animal.”
1773년에, 짐승은 요리사가 절대 아니라고 언급한 스코틀랜드의 작가 James Boswell은 호모 사피언스를 요리할 줄 아는 동물이라 불렀다.
Fifty years later, in The Physiology of Taste, the French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin claimed that cooking made us who we are;
50년이 지난 후, 맛의 생리학에서 프랑스 미식가인 Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin은 요리는 우리를 현재의 우리 모습으로 만들었다라고 주장했다.
[분석] make A B로 만들다 / who we are : 현재의 우리 모습
by teaching men to use fire, it had “done the most to advance the cause of civilization.”
즉 사람들에게 불의 사용을 가르치는 것으로, 그것(요리)은 문명의 시작으로 도약하는 최대의 영향을 끼쳤다.
[분석] do the most to ~에 최대 영향을 미치다
More recently, Léi-Strauss, writing in The Raw and the Cooked in 1964, reported that many of the world’s cultures entertained a similar view, regarding cooking as the symbolic activity that “establishes the difference between animals and people.”
더욱 최근에, 1964년 ‘날것과 요리된 것’의 작가인 Léi-Strauss는 많은 세계의 문화는 요리를 동물과 사람과의 차이점을 설정하는 상징적인 활동으로서 간주하는 유사한 견해를 고려한다고 기고했다.
[분석] entertain : [신청, 생각 등을] 고려하다, (마음속에)품다 / s similar view, regarding ~: ~를 간주하는 유사한 생각
* gastronome: 미식가
① defines ② protects ③ harms
④ confuses ⑤ entertains
32. When we begin each book, we roll up our sleeves and do everything we can to ease students into academic reading.
우리가 책을 (읽기) 시작할 때, 우리는 소매를 걷고 학생들을 편안하게 하여 학업적 독서에 하도록 모든 것을 할 수 있다.
This means that we frame the text before students read it.
이것은 학생들이 그것(책)을 읽기 전에 우리가 교재를 짜맞추는 것을 의미한다.
We provide a specific purpose for reading each chapter.
우리는 각 장을 읽는 동안 특별한 목적을 제공한다.
We design close readings that enable kids to explore more deeply than surface-level reading.
우리는 아이들이 표면적 수준의 독서 보다는 더욱 깊게 탐구하도록 하기 위해 상세한 독서를 고안한다.
[분석] to explore more deeply(더욱 깊게 탐구하도록)과 어울리도록 close readings(상세한 독서)라 번역함.
We model to students how we would read the text.
어떻게 우리가 그 교재를 읽을 것인지를 학생들에게 모범을 제시한다.
[분석] model : (자동사)로 ~에게 모범(표준)을 제시하다
About halfway through the novel, we should begin to step out of the process and begin requiring our students to take the journey on their own.
그 소설의 중간쯤에서, 우리의 학생들이 진행되는 과정에서 벗어나 그들 자신의 여행(탐구)을 하도록 요구하는 것을 시작해야만 한다.
Teachers should not hold the hands of their students all the way through the novel.
교사들은 그 소설을 읽는 내내 학생들의 손을 잡아 줘서는(도움을 줘서는) 안 된다.
If the front half of the book is taught properly, students should be equipped to read the second half of the book with much less assistance from the instructor.
만일 그 책의 전반부의 반쯤 적절히 가르쳤다면, 학생들은 그 책은 두 번째 중반부 반쯤은 교사로부터 더더욱 도움 없이 읽도록 무장시켜야만 한다.
Students should be encouraged to . [3점]
학생들은 ~하도록 권장 받아야만 한다.
① come up with creative ideas through writing
쓰는 것을 통한 창의적인 생각을 제시
② make their own plans for choosing good books
양서를 선택하기 위한 그들 자신의 계획을
③ transition from the guided tour into the solo tour
안내된 여행으로부터 스스로 여행으로 전환
④ buy some novels before setting out on a journey
여행을 시작하기 전 몇 권의 소설을 사도는 것을
⑤ learn how to read from their teachers all the time
줄 곳 그들의 교사들로부터 읽는 방식을 배우는 것을
33.
Consider the “power” of a baseball bat. All the energy gained by the bat is supplied by the batter. 야구방망이의 힘을 고찰해 보자. 방망이에 의해 얻어진 모든 에너지는 타자에 의해 공급된다.
The bat is just an instrument that helps send the ball on its way.
그 방망이는 야구공이 진행 방향으로 보내지는데 도움을 주는 단지 도구일 뿐이다.
If it does its job well, then we usually say that the bat is powerful.
만일 이런 것이 잘 된다면, 그때 우리는 보통 그 방망이는 강력하다로 말한다.
In physics terms, we should really describe the bat in terms of its efficiency.
물리학에서, 우리는 효율성의 측면에서 방망이의 상세히 설명해야만 한다.
An efficient bat would be one that allows the batter to transfer the energy in his arms to the ball without in the process.
효율적인 방망이는 그 과정에서 없이 타자가 자신의 팔의 에너지를 야구공에 전달하도록 하는 방망이 이다.
In fact, all bats are very inefficient in the sense that only a small fraction of the energy in the arms is given to the ball.
사실, 모든 방망이는 팔의 작은 일부의 에너지만을 야구공에 전달한다는 의미에서 아주 비효율적이다.
Most of that energy is retained in the bat and in the arms as a result of the “follow through” after the bat strikes the ball. [3점]
대부분의 에너지는 방망이가 공을 친 이후 팔을 뻗는 결과로서 방망이와 팔에 남아 있다.
- retain : ~을 유지하다, 간직하다 / follow through : (야구에서) 공을 친 뒤 팔을 끝까지 뻗다
① any friction to the ball
공에 대한 어떠한 마찰
② too much loss of energy
너무나 많은 에너지 손실
③ decrease of swing speed
휘둘르는 속도의 감소
④ help from another instrument
다른 도구의 도움
⑤ enhancement of physical strength
실질적 힘의 향상
34.
Actors sometimes jump at the chance to play a huge response to some big news.
배우는 어떤 큰 소식에 거대하게 반응하는 것으로 때때로 기회를 잡는다.
One character says to another, “You just won a million dollars!”
한 배우는 다른 배우에게 “당신은 방금 백만 달러를 벌었지요!”라고 말한다.
And the actor immediately jumps up and down and yells about winning a million dollars.
그리고 그 배우는 즉시 껑충껑충 뛰면서 백만 달러를 버는 것에 관해 소리친다.
But what would a person do? Stanislavski, a famous Russian theater director, spoke of .
하지만 한 개인은 무얼 할까? 유명한 러시아 연극 감독인 Stanislavski는 ~관해 말했다.
It often takes time for a person to process information― whether it’s very good or very bad.
한 개인이 정보가 아주 좋든 나쁘든 간에 정보를 처리하는데 종종 시간일 걸린다.
Think back to a time in your life when some big news was delivered.
어떤 큰 소식이 전달되었던 당신의 인생의 시간을 회고해 보라.
What did you do? Did you immediately jump up and down, scream with joy or pain?
당신은 무엇을 했나? 당신은 즉시 껑충껑충 뛰면서 기쁨 또는 고통으로 소릴 쳤나?
Or did you just sit down for a moment, saying nothing?
아니면, 당신은 그냥 잠시 앉아서 침묵했나?
How long did it take to really understand that you won that award before you responded?
당신이 반응하기 전 그 보상에 얻은 것을 정말로 이해하는데 얼마의 시간이 걸렸나?
Be a person. Don’t just go for emotion or the obvious response. [3점]
인간이 되어라. 단지 감정이나 분명한 반응으로 인해 나가지 말아라.
① reflective delay 반향적인(깊이 생각하는) 연기
② social interaction 사회적 상호반응
③ unintended result 의도 않은 결과
④ selective attention 선택적 주의
⑤ individual contribution 개인적 공헌
35.
There is no frame-free way to evaluate anything. Consider this example.
어떤 것을 평가할 때 틀에서 자유로운 방법은 없다. 이런 예를 고찰해 보자.
College students were asked whether they would support a multimillion-dollar safety measure that would save 150 lives at risk.
위험에 처한 150명의 생명을 구할 백만 달러의 안전장치를 지지할 것인지를 대학생들에게 물어봤다.
Is 150 lives a lot or a little? Well, compared with what?
150명의 생명은 많은가 또는 적은가? 음, 무엇과 비교될까?
Other students were asked whether they would support a safety measure that would save 98 percent of 150 lives at risk.
위험에 처한 150명의 생명의 98%를 구할 안정장치를 지지할 것인지를 다른 학생들에게 물어봤다.
These students were more favorable toward it than the students who were told it would save 150 lives.
이런 학생들은 그것이 150명의 생명을 구할 것이라고 들은 학생들 보다 그것을 더욱 선호한다는 것 이었다.
Obviously, saving 150 lives is better than saving 98 percent of 150 lives, but a measure that saved 98 percent of the lives seems clearly cost-effective.
분명히, 150명의 생명을 구하는 것은 150명의 생명의 98%를 구하는 것보다 더 나은 것이지만, 그 생명의 98%를 구한 방식은 더욱 비용 효율적인 것 같다.
The 98 percent figure provides the students with a frame that 150 lives by itself does not.
그 98%의 수치는 학생들에게 150명의 생명 그 차제가 제공하지 못하는 틀을 제공한다.
Whether the money spent on safety is seen as a wise decision or not will depend on .
그 돈이 안전에 쓰여 지는 것이 현명한 결정으로 보이든 아니든 에 의존할 것이다.
When people are told that a safety measure will save 98 percent of 150 lives, a frame is created between 150 lives and 98 percent of 150 lives. [3점]
사람들은 안전장치가 150명의 생명의 98%를 구할 것이라고 들었을 때, 어떤 틀은 150명의 생명과 150명의 생명의 98% 사이에 생겨난다.
① the analysis of the input 입력 분석
② the context of comparison 비교 배경(전후관계)
③ the expectation of investors 투자자의 기대
④ the effort of risk management 위험관리의 효과
⑤ the background of respondents 응답자의 배경
36.
The danger that the human population poses to the environment is the result of two factors:
사람인구가 환경에 끼는 위험은 두 가지 요소의 결과이다.
the (A) of people and the environmental impact of each person.
사람들의 (A)와 각 사람들의 환경적 충격이다.
When there were few people on Earth and limited technology, the human impact was primarily local.
지구상에 사람들과 제한된 기술이 거의 없었을 때, 인간의 충격은 주로 국한적 이었다.
Even so, people have affected the environment for a surprisingly long time.
그렇다 하더라도, 사람들은 아주 오랜 시간동안 환경에 영향을 미쳐왔다.
It started with the use of fire to clear land, and it continued, new research shows, with large effects on the environment by early civilizations.
그것은 농토를 개간하기 위해 불의 사용으로 시작되어, 새로운 연구는 보여 주듯이, 계속해서 초기 문명에 의한 환경에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.
For example, large areas of North America were modified by American Indians, who used fire for a variety of reasons and modified the forests of the eastern United States.
예를 들어, 북미의 큰 지역들은 여러 이유로 불을 사용하고 동부 미국의 산림을 바꿔 놓았던 미국 인디언들에 의해 바뀌었다.
The problem now is that there are so many people and our technologies are so powerful that our effects on the environment are even more (B) .
그런 문제는 오늘날 너무나 많은 사람들과 우리의 기술은 너무나 강력하여 환경이 미치는 영향은 훨씬 더 (B) 이다.
This could cause a negative feedback― the more people, the worse the environment;
이것은 부정적인 결과를 야기 시킬 수 있다 - 사람이 많아지면 많아질수록, 한경은 더 더욱 악화된다.
the worse the environment, the fewer people. [3점]
환경이 악화되면 될수록, 사람들의 수는 더 더욱 줄어든다.
(A) (B)
① number …… global
② number …… limited
③ knowledge …… positive
④ movement …… accidental
⑤ movement …… exaggerated
37.
A decision can be rational without being right and right without being rational.
결정은 옳은 것 없이 합리적일 수 있고 합리적인 것 없이 옳을 수 있다.
This has been illustrated through many examples in history.
이것은 역사에서 많은 예를 보여주었다.
(A) , in the battle of Narva (on the border between Russia and what we now call Estonia) on 20 November 1700, King Carl of Sweden and his 8,000 troops attacked the Russian army, led by Tsar Peter the Great.
(A 예를 들어), Narva 전투에서 (러시아와 오늘날 에스토니아 국경에서) 1700년 11월 20일에, 스웨던 왕 Carl과 그의 8,000명의 병사들은 황제 Peter,가 이끄는 러사아군을 공격했다.
The tsar had about ten times as many troops at his disposal.
그 황제는 자신의 지휘하는 군이 약 10배가 넘었다.
Most historians agree that the Swedish attack was irrational, since it was almost certain to fail.
스웨덴의 공격은 불합리적이다. 왜냐하면 그것은 실패가 거의 확실하기 때문이다라고 대부분의 역사학자들은 동의한다.
(B) , the Swedes had no strategic reason for attacking;
(B 더우기), 스웨덴은 공격을 위한 어떠한 전략적 타당성도 없었다.
they could not expect to gain very much from victory.
그들은 승리하여 많은 것을 얻는 것을 기대할 수 없었다.
However, because of an unexpected snowstorm that blinded the Russian army, the Swedes won.
그러나, 러시아군을 가로막은 예상치 못한 눈보라로, 스웨덴은 승리했다.
The battle was over in less than two hours. The Swedes lost 667 men and the Russians approximately 15,000.
그 전투는 거의 2시간 만에 끝났다. 스웨덴은 667명의 병사를 잃었고 러시아는 약 15,000을 잃었다.
(A) (B)
① For instance …… Moreover
② For instance …… Therefore
③ Furthermore …… Therefore
④ However …… Similarly
⑤ However …… Moreover
38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
We’re creatures of habit. In all the years I’ve been hearing that old expression, I’ve never heard anyone dispute it. Probably because there’s so much truth to it.
우리는 습관의 창조물이다. 내가 그 오래된 표현을 들어오고 있을 땐 늘, 어느 누구도 그것을 반박하 하는 것을 듣은 적도 없다. 아마도 그것이 너무나 당연하기 때문이다.
(A) While someone might argue that particular figure, I doubt that anyone would disagree that our habits have a powerful hold on us.
누군가는 그 특별한 특징에 논쟁할 수 있는 반면에, 우리의 습관은 우리를 강력하게 억압하는 것이라는 데 누군가가 동의하지 않는다는 것을 나는 의심한다.
Most of them start innocently and unintentionally. At the beginning they form a kind of invisible thread.
그들 대부분은 순진하고 무심코 시작한다. 초기에 그들은 보이지 않은 줄의 종류를 형성한다.
(B) In fact, we’re even more the result of habit than most people realize.
사실, 우리는 대부분의 사람들이 깨닫는 것 보다 더 습관의 결과물이다.
Some psychologists believe that up to ninety-five percent of our behavior is formed through habit.
심리학자들은 우리 행동의 95%까지 습관을 통해서 형성된다고 믿는다.
(C) But through repetition, that thread becomes twisted into a cord and later into a rope.
그러나 반복을 통해, 그 실은 줄로 왜곡되어 나중에 동아줄이 된다.
Each time we repeat an act, we add to it and strengthen it.
우리가 어떠한 행동을 반복할 때마다, 우리는 그것을 덧붙이고 그것을 더 강하게 한다.
The rope becomes a chain and then a cable. Eventually, we become our habits.
그 동아줄은 쇠사슬이 되고나서 굵은 밧줄이 된다. 결국, 우리는 우리의 습관이 된다.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) -(C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) -(B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?
Compare this to the situation that occurs when the same man is stepping into an elevator and another person steps in front of him, invading his personal territory.
이것을 같은 사람이 엘리베이터 안으로 걸어 들어가고 있고 다른 사람은 그 앞에서 걸어 그의 개인적 영역을 침범하고 있다는 것과 비교하자.
ⓕPsychologists have noted that ⓐpeople driving a car ⓔreact in a manner that is ⓓoften completely unlike ⓒtheir normal social behavior ⓑas regards their territories.
ⓐ운전하는 ⓑ사람들은 그들의 영역으로 간주하는 것과 같은 ⓒ그들의 일상적인 사회적 행동과 ⓓ종종 전혀 다른 ⓔ방식에서 반응한다고 ⓕ심리학자들은 지적한다.
( ① ) It seems that a car sometimes has a magnifying effect on the size of a person’s personal space.
자동차는 때때로 한 개인의 개인적인 공간의 크기를 확대하는 효과를 갖는 것 같다.
( ② ) In some cases, their territory is expanded by up to ten times the normal size, so the driver feels that he has a claim to an area of 9 to 10 meters in front of and behind his car.
어떤 경우엔, 그들의 영역은 평상시 크기에 10배 이상 확대된다. 그래서 그 운전자는 자신의 자동차의 정면과 후방에서 9에서 10미터의 지역을 (자신의 영역이라) 주장한다고 느낀다.
( ③ ) When another driver cuts in front of him, even if no danger is involved, the driver may go through a physiological change, becoming angry and out of control.
다른 운전가가 그 앞에 끼어들 때, 비록 위험이 없다손 치더라도, 그 운전자는 심리적인 변화를 경험하여 화를 내거나 자제심을 잃을 수 도 있다.
( ④ ) His reaction in those circumstances is normally apologetic and he allows the other man to go first.
그러한 상황에서의 그의 반응은 보통 사과를 해야 하는 것이고 그는 그 다른 사람이 먼저 가도록 인정한다.
( ⑤ ) This is remarkably different from what happens when another driver cuts in front of him on the open road.
이것은 다른 운전자가 개방된 도로에서 그 앞에 끼어들 때 일어나는 것과는 아주 다르다.
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]
One of the companies I work with gets thousands of calls every day to its customer support center.
내가 일하고 있는 여러 회사들 중 한 곳은 고객지원세터에 매일 수 천 통의 전화가 걸려온다.
Sometimes the problems can be solved right away, but often the service representative has to look into the matter and call back later.
때때로 그 문제들은 즉시 처리될 수 도 있지만, 종종 서비스 직원들은 그 문제를 검토하여 이후에 전화를 줘야한다.
When the company subsequently surveyed its customers to see how satisfied they had been with the support center, one of the results was something intriguing:
그 회사는 그들(고객들)이 고객센터에 얼마나 만족하는지를 알아보기 위해 그 이후에 설문조사를 실시했을 때, 결과 중 한 개는 매우 흥미가 있는 것 이었다.
- subsequently : 그 이후에 / intriguing : 매우 흥미있는
58 percent of customers whose problem had been solved right away remembered that their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,”
그들의 문제는 즉시 해결되었다고 응답한 고객의 58%는 그들의 전화는 “즉시” 또는 “아주 빠르게” 받아졌다고 기억했다.
while only 4 percent remembered having been kept waiting “too long.”
반면 단지 4$만이 너무 오래 기다렸다고 기억했다.
Meanwhile, of those customers whose problem had not been solved right away,
더욱이, 그들의 문제가 즉시 해결되지 않았다고 답한 고객들 중에,
only 36 percent remembered their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,”
단지 36%는 그들의 전화가 “즉시” 또는 “아주 빠르게” 받아졌다고 기억했다.
while 18 percent recalled they had waited “too long.”
반면 18%는 그들은 “너무 오래” 기다렸다고 회상했다.
In fact, the company had an automated answering system and there was no difference in waiting time between the two groups.
사실, 그 회사는 자동응답시스템을 갖추었고 그 집단 사이에 어떤 차이점도 없었다.
According to the survey, whether a customer’s problem was solved (A immediately) or not had an impact on the customer’s (B perception) of how fast the phone call had been answered.
설문조사에 따르면, 고객의 문제가 즉시 해결되었든 아니든 간에 얼마나 빨리 전화가 응답 되었지에 대한 고객의 인식 영향을 끼쳤다.
(A) (B)
① completely …… response
② completely …… evaluation
③ previously …… curiosity
④ immediately …… perception
⑤ immediately …… expectation
[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
In the early fifteenth century, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent his sailors to explore Africa and open it to Portuguese trade.
15세기 초에, 포르투갈의 항해사인 Prince Henry는 아프리카를 탐험하여 그곳에 포르투갈의 무역을 열도록 그의 선원들을 보냈다.
Portuguese expeditions began to work their way down the western coast, always within sight of land.
포르투갈의 탐험대는 항상 육지가 보이는 범위 안에서 서부 해안을 따라 항해하기 시작했다.
[분석] within sight of land : 육지가 보이는 범위 안에서
Upon reaching Cape Bojador, a rocky stretch of desolate coast with terrifying currents,
Cape Bojador, 공포의 해류가 있는 암초투성이의 고립된 해안에 다달았을 때,
the Portuguese sailors would inevitably turn back, convinced that this was the end of land and that no ship would ever pass it.
포르투갈 선원들은 이곳은 육지의 끝이고 어떠한 배도 그 곳을 지나갈 수 없다고 인식하여 하는 수 없이 뱃머리를 돌리곤 했다.
Prince Henry sent out 15 expeditions between 1424 and 1434 / until finally one succeeded by sailing a few kilometers out to sea and going south for a few kilometers, thereby passing the dangerous rocks and currents.
Prince Henry는 1424년과 1434년에 15차례의 탐험대를 보냈다. / 마침내 한 탐험대는 바다 쪽으로 몇 킬로미터 떨어져 항해하여 수 킬로미터를 남쪽으로 향하여 마침내 그 위험한 암초와 해류를 통과하여 성공하였다.
[분석] few kilometers out to sea 바다 쪽으로 몇 킬로미터 떨어져
As a navigation feat, this change of direction was trivial.
항해 업적에 따르면, 이 방향의 변경은 사소한 것이었다.
While it is true that their ships were not strong and their navigation tools were primitive,
그들의 선박은 약했고 그들의 항해 도구는 원시적인 것인 반면에
the major barrier was not technological but the fear of losing sight of land.
주요한 장애는 기술적인 것이 아닌 육지가 보이지 않는 두려움이었다.
We can say that the feat of Christopher Columbus was far more difficult technically,
Christopher Columbus의 업적은 엄밀히 말하면 훨씬 더 어려웠을 것이랄 말할 수 있지만,
- technically : 엄밀히 말하면, 기술적으로
but he too faced a major barrier of fear, both in his sponsors and in his crew.
그 또한 그의 후원자들과 선원들 사이의 공포의 주요한 장애에 직면했다.
Once the Atlantic was crossed, this fear was swept away and only the reasonable fears of shipwreck, disease, and sea monsters remained.
일단 대서양을 횡단했을 때, 이러 공포는 말끔히 사라졌고 단지 난파, 질병 그리고 해양 괴물과 같은 분명한 공포가 남아 있었다.
Many barriers are of this type. They are not merely unknown, but unimaginable.
많은 장애는 이러한 종류이다. 그들(장애)은 단지 알려져 있지 않아서가 아니라 상상할 수 없었다.
Major development can be achieved by having the courage to recognize and overcome _____________ barriers, just as the Portuguese and Spanish sailors did.
포르투갈과 스페인 선원들이 이루었던 것처럼, 주요한 발전은 정신적 장애를 인식하고 극복하는 것으로 성취될 수 있다.
41. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
① the problem of limitless creativity
제한된 창의력의 문제
② the importance of analytical thinking
분석적인 사고의 중요성
③ the obstacle in undertaking adventures
모험을 시작할 때 장애물
④ the necessity of innovative technology
혁신적인 기술의 필요성
⑤ the benefit of taking safe sailing routes
안전한 항로를 선택하는 이점
42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① racial(인종적)
② mental(정신적)
③ cultural(문화적)
④ geographical(지리학적)
⑤ technological(기술적)
[43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A) Two boys were playing on a beach, seeing who could skim a rock out the farthest.
두 아이가 누가 더 멀리 돌맹이를 던지는지를 보면서 해변에서 놀고 있었다.
- skim : [수면을] 스치듯 지나가다
This was their vacation, and it was good to find the sea flat this morning, particularly after several days of wild storms when the sea had been whipped up to a frenzy.
오늘은 그들의 방학이었고 바다가 미친 듯 휘몰아치던 특히 몇 일간의 사나운 폭풍이 지난 후, 오늘 아침 바다가 잔잔한 것은 좋았다.
- whip up to a frenzy : 미친 듯 휘몰아치다
Turbulent waves and high tides had washed lots of poor sea creatures ashore.
사납고 높은 파도는 해안가의 많은 가엽은 생물들을 쓸어가 버렸다.
The boys found themselves walking through jellyfish, starfish, crabs, and other little animals that coated the beach like a dying blanket.
그 소년들은 죽어가는 담요와 같이 해변을 감쌌던 해파리, 불가사리, 계, 그리고 다른 작은 동물들을 지나치는 자신들을 알았다.
(B) Slowly dropping her hands a little lower, she let the little creature feel the refreshing touch of the sea.
그녀의 손을 약간 아래로 떨어뜨리면서, 그녀는 그 작은 생명체가 바닷물의 신선한 접촉을 느끼도록 했다.
The octopus spread its tentacles as if feeling good to be back home once again.
문어는 다시 집으로 돌아가는 안도를 느끼는 것처럼 자신의 촉수를 펼쳤다.
Supportively, the girl’s hands cupped the young animal until it gathered the strength and propelled itself forward in the water.
그것(문어)이 힘을 모아 바다로 향하도록 자신을 추진할 때까지 그 소녀의 손은 그 어린 동물을 손바닥으로 받쳤다.
- cup : [물 등을] 찻잔[손바닥]으로 받다[떠내다].
She stood watching, a faint smile on her face at the pleasure of seeing another creature safely on its way.
다른 생명체가 안전하게 자신의 길을 가는 것을 보는 기쁨에 그녀의 얼굴엔 약간의 미소를 띠면서 지켜보면서 서있었다.
Only then did she turn and retrace her steps to the shore. Finally, she seemed to notice the laughing boys.
바로 그때, 그녀는 몸을 돌려 해안가에 나있는 자신을 발자국을 따라갔다. 마침내, 그녀는 웃고 있는 소년들을 알아챈 것 같았다.
[분석] only가 문두에 왔을 경우, 문장이 도치됨. only then did she ~
Looking them in the eye, she said, “It sure made a difference for that one!”
그들을 보면서 “그것은 분명히 그 작은 저것(그 생명체)에게 중요했어!”
- make a different : 중요하다, 효과를 내다, 영향을 미치다.
(C) At the end of the beach the boys noticed a girl frequently wading in and out of the water.
해변 끝에 있는 소년들은 그 소녀가 바닷물에 자주 (발을) 담았다 뺐다하는 것을 지켜보았다.
- wade : [물 속을] 걷다.
Curious to see what she was doing, they headed off in her direction.
그녀가 하는 것을 보는 것에 호기심이 난 그들(소년들)은 그녀에게 향했다.
As they got closer, they saw that she would bend down and pick up one of the sea creatures.
그들이 더 가까워지자, 그들은 그녀가 허리를 굽혀 바다 생물 중 하나를 집어들곤 하는 것을 보았다.
[분석] would : (과거에) ~하곤 했다.
She cradled it gently in her hands, waded out into the water, and released it back in its home.
그녀는 그것을 손에서 부드럽게 흔들어 달래고 바닷물 안으로 들어가 그것을 도로 놓아 주었다.
Then she returned to the shore, picked up yet another creature, and gently carried it back into the water.
그리고나서 그녀는 해안가로 돌아와 역시 다른 생물체를 집어 들고 그것을 바닷물로 살며시 되돌려 주었다.
[분석] yet는 지금도, 여전히
(D) The boys began to laugh. It was just the sort of silly stuff they could expect a girl do.
그 소년들은 비웃기 시작했다. 그것은 그들이 기대하기로 그 소녀가 하는 어리석은 행동에 대한 것이었다.
“Hey,” they called out, “what are you doing? Can’t you see you ain't gonna make any difference?
“얘야”, 그들은 소리쳤다, “뭘하고 있니? 넌 어떤 중요한 것도 할 수 없는 것도 모르니?
The beach is covered with thousands of dead and dying creatures.” And they laughed some more.
해변은 수 많은 죽고 죽어가는 생명체들로 덮여 있잖아.“ 그리고 그들은 약간 더 비웃었다.
The girl seemed to ignore them at first.
그 소녀는 처음엔 그들을 무시한 것 같았다.
She picked up a lifeless-looking young octopus, nursed it carefully in her hands, and walked back into the ocean as if the boys didn't exist.
그녀는 죽은 것 같아 보이는 어린 문어를 집어 들고 그녀의 손에서 조심스럽게 보살피고 나서 소년들을 개의치 않고 바닷물로 들어갔다.
She lowered the octopus into the water, tenderly washing away the sand and seaweed that had collected over it and entangled its tentacles. *tentacle: 촉수
43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장
적절한 것은?
① (B) - (C) - (D) ② (B) - (D) - (C)
③ (C) - (B) - (D) ④ (C) - (D) - (B)
⑤ (D) - (B) - (C)
44. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Boys Who Loved the Sea Creatures
② A Small Good Deed Can Save a Life
③ All You Need to Know about Nature
④ Seriousness of the Man-Made Disaster
⑤ What Makes Men Different from Animals?
45. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
① 며칠간의 폭풍이 지나가고 바다는 잔잔해졌다.
② 물속에서 문어가 힘을 내서 앞으로 나아갔다.
③ 소녀는 몸을 굽혀서 바다생물을 집어 들었다.
④ 소년들은 소녀의 행동을 칭찬했다.
⑤ 소녀는 소년들을 처음 보았을 때 무시하는듯했다.
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