컴맹탈출과 영어정복

When was the last time you dreamed? I’m not talking about what went down last night while you were sleeping. I’m talking about really letting your mind think over something major you want to make happen in your life. Can’t remember? Don’t have time for such follies? You need to change that, starting today. Sounds obvious, but the first step toward making a dream come true is to actually have a dream. At some point in your life, you probably wanted something with your whole heart and it didn’t happen. And that hurt. You might have stopped dreaming. Maybe you didn't do it consciously, but you began to avoid letting yourself go after scary goals. It’s a universal occurrence ― it happens to almost everyone. But you can overcome this

common limitation and start dreaming again.

*folly: 어리석은 행위

Many predators direct their initial attack at the head of their prey. Some prey species have taken advantage of this tendency by evolving false heads located at their posterior end. Individuals of the species Thecla togarna, for example, possess a false head with dummy antennae at the tips of their hindwings. Upon landing, the butterfly moves its hindwings, and thereby the dummy antennae up and down while keeping the true antennae motionless. Thecla togarna’s second trick occurs at the instant of landing when the butterfly quickly turns so that its false head points in the direction of previous flight. An approaching predator is thus confronted with a prey that flutters off in the direction opposite to that expected. Experimental tests have demonstrated that markings associated with false heads misdirect the attacks of avian predators and increase the possibility of escape of the prey. *avian: 조류의

There is no way that we two-legged creatures can keep up with many four-legged animals in a head-to-head sprint, but in recent years, some anthropologists have suggested that the human species has evolved in such a way as to be built for marathon running. Researchers from Harvard University and the University of Utah point to our long legs and short arms as being suited to running ―necessary for our early hunter-gatherer lifestyle on the African savannah. More specifically, the scientists highlight the abundance of tendons in our legs used little in walking but essential for running; our large leg joints for shock absorption; and our relative lack of body hair for minimizing rises in body temperatures. These characteristics demonstrate that the human body as a whole is comparatively well suited to endurance running compared to other animals.

*tendon: 힘줄

Bruce Adolphe first met Yo-Yo Ma at the Juilliard School in New York City. Although Ma was only fifteen years old at the time, ① he was already an established performer. Even at the age of seven, ② he had played at the White House. Meanwhile, Adolphe was a promising young composer who had just written his first cello piece. ③He had shown a draft of his composition to a Juilliard instructor, who told him that the piece featured a chord that was impossible to play. Before Adolphe could correct the music, however, Ma decided to rehearse the composition in his dorm room. ④ He played through his friend’s composition, sight-reading the whole thing. And when that impossible chord came, ⑤ he somehow found a way to play it and his bow was straight across all four strings.

An ambiguous term is one which has more than a single meaning and ① whose context does not clearly indicate which meaning is intended. For instance, a sign posted at a fork in a trail which ② reads “Bear To The Right” can be understood in two ways. The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left. But let us ③say that the ranger who painted the sign meant to say just the opposite. He was trying to warn hikers against taking the right trail because there is a bear in the area through which it passes. The ranger’s language was therefore careless, and open to misinterpretation ④ what could have serious consequences. The only way to avoid ambiguity is to spell things out as ⑤ explicitly as possible: “Keep left. Do not use trail to the right. Bears in the area.”

If you place in a bottle half a dozen bees and the same number of flies, and lay the bottle down horizontally, with its base to the window, you will find that the bees will (A) delay / continue their endeavor to look for an exit through the glass till they die of exhaustion; while the flies will soon escape the bottle through the neck on the opposite side. It is the bees’ love of light, it is their very intelligence, that causes their (B) success / failure in this experiment. They evidently imagine that the exit from every prison must be there where the light shines clearest; and they act in accordance, and they persist in too logical action. The flies are careless of logic. They flutter wildly here and there disregarding the call of the light and end up (C) ignoring/discovering the opening that restores their liberty to them.

The graph above shows the advertising revenue trends in Television, Internet, Newspaper, and Radio in Canada from 2002 to 2011. ①All the media’s advertising revenues in 2011 except Newspaper’s increased compared to the year of 2002. ② Television advertising revenue ranked the highest each year throughout the period between 2002 and 2011. ③ During the given period, the gap between Television advertising revenue and Newspaper advertising revenue was the smallest in 2002, but the gap was over 1,500 million dollars in 2011. ④ In 2002, Internet advertising revenue was smaller than any other media but it began to outgrow Radio advertising revenue after 2008. ⑤ Radio advertising revenue was more than half of Television advertising revenue in 2011.

Vivian Malone Jones was the first African-American woman who entered the University of Alabama in 1963, along with fellow black student James Hood. Their entry resulted in then Governor George Wallace standing in the door of the university in an attempt to halt their admission. They entered the university but only after an agreement was reached between the White House and Wallace’s aides. Ms. Jones further distinguished herself as the first African-American to graduate from the University of Alabama in 1965. She moved to Washington, DC and joined the U.S. Department of Justice as a staff member of its Voter Education Project. Following that assignment, she moved to Atlanta and took a position with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), where she was director of civil rights and urban affairs. She retired in 1996 remaining active in civil rights organizations.

It is not a new idea that cooking is an activity that                             humans. In 1773, the Scottish writer James Boswell, noting that “no beast is a cook,” called Homo sapiens “the cooking animal.” Fifty years later, in The Physiology of Taste, the French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin claimed that cooking made us who we are; by teaching men to use fire, it had “done the most to advance the cause of civilization.” More recently, Léi-Strauss, writing in The Raw and the Cooked in 1964, reported that many of the world’s cultures entertained a similar view, regarding cooking as the symbolic activity that “establishes the difference between animals and people.”

* gastronome: 미식가

When we begin each book, we roll up our sleeves and do everything we can to ease students into academic reading. This means that we frame the text before students read it. We provide a specific purpose for reading each chapter. We design close readings that enable kids to explore more deeply than surface-level reading. We model to students how we would read the text. About halfway through the novel, we should begin to step out of the process and begin requiring our students to take the journey on their own. Teachers should not hold the hands of their students all the way through the novel. If the front half of the book is taught properly, students should be equipped to read the  second half of the book with much less assistance from the instructor. Students should be encouraged to                            . [3점]

Consider the “power” of a baseball bat. All the energy gained by the bat is supplied by the batter. The bat is just an instrument that helps send the ball on its way. If it does its job well, then we usually say that the bat is powerful. In physics terms, we should really describe the bat in terms of its efficiency. An efficient bat would be one that allows the batter to transfer the energy in his arms to the ball without             in the process. In fact, all bats are very inefficient in the sense that only a small fraction of the energy in the arms is given to the ball. Most of that energy is retained in the bat and in the arms as a result of the “follow through” after the bat strikes the ball. [3점]

Actors sometimes jump at the chance to play a huge response to some big news. One character says to another, “You just won a million dollars!” And the actor immediately jumps up and down and yells about winning a million dollars. But what would a person do? Stanislavski, a famous Russian theater director, spoke of               . It often takes time for a person to process information― whether it’s very good or very bad. Think back to a time in your life when some big news was delivered. What did you do? Did you immediately jump up and down, scream with joy or pain? Or did you just sit down for a moment, saying nothing? How long did it take to really understand that you won that award before you responded? Be a person. Don’t just go for emotion or the obvious response. [3점]

There is no frame-free way to evaluate anything. Consider this example. College students were asked whether they would support a  multimillion-dollar safety measure that would save 150 lives at risk. Is 150 lives a lot or a little? Well, compared with what? Other students were asked whether they would support a safety measure that would save 98 percent of 150 lives at risk. These students were more favorable toward it than the students who were told it would save 150 lives. Obviously, saving 150 lives is better than saving 98 percent of 150 lives, but a measure that saved 98 percent of the lives seems clearly cost-effective. The 98 percent figure provides the students with a  frame that 150 lives by itself does not. Whether the money spent on safety is seen as a wise decision or not will depend on                            . When people are told that a safety measure will save 98 percent of 150 lives, a frame is created between 150 lives and 98 percent of 150 lives. [3점]

The danger that the human population poses to the environment is the result of two factors: the   (A)  of people and the environmental impact of each person. When there were few people on Earth and limited technology, the human impact was primarily local. Even so, people have affected the environment for a surprisingly long time. It started with the use of fire to clear land, and it continued, new research shows, with large effects on the environment by early civilizations. For example, large areas of North America were modified by American Indians, who used fire for a variety of reasons and modified the forests of the eastern United States. The problem now is that there are so many people and our technologies are so powerful that our effects on the environment are even more   (B)  . This could cause a negative feedback― the more people, the worse the environment; the worse the environment, the fewer people. [3점]

A decision can be rational without being right and right without being rational. This has been illustrated through many examples in history.   (A)  , in the battle of Narva (on the border between Russia and what we now call Estonia) on 20 November 1700, King Carl of Sweden and his 8,000 troops attacked the Russian army, led by Tsar Peter the Great. The tsar had about ten times as many troops at his disposal. Most historians agree that the Swedish attack was irrational, since it was almost certain to fail.   (B)  , the Swedes had no strategic reason for attacking; they could not expect to gain very much from victory. However, because of an unexpected snowstorm that blinded the Russian army, the Swedes won. The battle was over in less than two hours. The Swedes lost 667 men and the Russians approximately 15,000.

We’re creatures of habit. In all the years I’ve been hearing that old expression, I’ve never heard anyone dispute it. Probably because there’s so much truth to it.

(A) While someone might argue that particular figure, I doubt that anyone would disagree that our habits have a powerful hold on us. Most of them start innocently and unintentionally. At the beginning they form a kind of invisible thread.

(B) In fact, we’re even more the result of habit than most people realize. Some psychologists believe that up to ninety-five percent of our behavior is formed through habit.

(C) But through repetition, that thread becomes twisted into a cord and later into a rope. Each time we repeat an act, we add to it and strengthen it. The rope becomes a chain and then a cable. Eventually, we become our habits.

Compare this to the situation that occurs when the same man is stepping into an elevator and another person steps in front of him, invading his personal territory.

Psychologists have noted that people driving a car react in a manner that is often completely unlike their normal social behavior as regards their territories. ( ① ) It seems that a car sometimes has　a magnifying effect on the size of a person’s personal space. ( ② ) In some cases, their territory is expanded by up to ten times the normal size, so the driver feels that he has a claim to an area of 9 to 10 meters in front of and behind his car. ( ③ ) When another driver cuts in front of him, even if no danger is involved, the driver may go through a physiological change, becoming angry and out of control. ( ④ ) His reaction in those circumstances is normally apologetic and he allows the other man to go first. ( ⑤ ) This is remarkably different from what happens when another driver cuts in front of him on the open road.

One of the companies I work with gets thousands of calls every day to its customer support center. Sometimes the problems can be solved right away, but often the service representative has to look into the matter and call back later. When the company subsequently surveyed its customers to see how satisfied they had been with the support center, one of the results was something intriguing: 58 percent of customers whose problem had been solved right away remembered that their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,” while only 4 percent remembered having been kept waiting “too long.” Meanwhile, of those customers whose problem had not been solved right away, only 36 percent remembered their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,” while 18 percent recalled they had waited “too long.” In fact, the company had an automated answering system and there was no difference in waiting time between the two groups.

󰀻

According to the survey, whether a customer’s problem was solved (A) or not had an impact on the customer’s (B) of how fast the phone call had been answered.

  In the early fifteenth century, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent his sailors to explore Africa and open it to Portuguese trade. Portuguese expeditions began to work their way down the western coast, always within sight of land. Upon reaching Cape Bojador, a rocky stretch of desolate coast with terrifying currents, the Portuguese sailors would inevitably turn back, convinced that this was the end of land and that no ship would ever pass it. Prince Henry sent out 15 expeditions between 1424 and 1434 until finally one succeeded by sailing a few kilometers out to sea and going south for a few kilometers, thereby passing the dangerous rocks and currents. As a navigation feat, this change of direction was trivial. While it is true that their ships were not strong and their navigation tools were primitive, the major barrier was not technological but the fear of losing sight of land. We can say that the feat of Christopher Columbus was far more difficult technically, but he too faced a major barrier of fear, both in his sponsors and in his crew. Once the Atlantic was crossed, this fear was swept away and only the reasonable fears of shipwreck, disease, and sea monsters remained. Many barriers are of this type. They are not merely unknown, but unimaginable. Major development can be achieved by having the courage to recognize and overcome                        barriers, just as the Portuguese and Spanish sailors did.

(A) Two boys were playing on a beach, seeing who could skim a rock out the farthest. This was their vacation, and it was good to find the sea flat this morning, particularly after several days of wild storms when the sea had been whipped up to a frenzy. Turbulent waves and high tides had washed lots of poor sea creatures ashore. The boys found themselves walking through jellyfish, starfish, crabs, and other little animals that coated the beach like a dying blanket.

(B) Slowly dropping her hands a little lower, she let the little creature feel the refreshing touch of the sea. The octopus spread its tentacles as if feeling good to be back home once again. Supportively, the girl’s hands cupped the young animal until it gathered the strength and propelled itself forward in the water. She stood watching, a faint smile on her face at the pleasure of seeing another creature safely on its way. Only then did she turn and retrace her steps to the shore. Finally, she seemed to notice the laughing boys. Looking them in the eye, she said, “It sure made a difference for that one!”

(C) At the end of the beach the boys noticed a girl frequently wading in and out of the water. Curious to see what she was doing, they headed off in her direction. As they got closer, they saw that she would bend down and pick up one of the sea creatures. She cradled it gently in her hands, waded out into the water, and released it back in its home. Then she returned to the shore, picked up yet another creature, and gently carried it back into the water.

(D) The boys began to laugh. It was just the sort of silly stuff they could expect a girl do. “Hey,” they called out, “what are you doing? Can’t you see you ain’t gonna make any difference? The beach is covered with thousands of dead and dying creatures.” And they laughed some more. The girl seemed to ignore them at first. She picked up a lifeless-looking young octopus, nursed it carefully in her hands, and walked back into the ocean as if the boys didn’t exist. She lowered the octopus into the water, tenderly washing away the sand and seaweed that had collected over it and entangled its tentacles. *tentacle: 촉수

23. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

When was the last time you dreamed? 언제 마지막으로 꿈을 꾸었나? I’m not talking about what went down last night while you were sleeping. 나는 여러분이 잠을 자고 있던 지난밤에 일어난 것에 말하고 있는 것은 아니다. I’m talking about really letting your mind think over something major you want to make happen in your life. 나는 여러분의 마음이 인생에서 일어나기를 원하는 주요한 어떤 것에 진정으로 곰곰이 생각하게 하는지에 관해 이야기하고 있다. Can’t remember? Don’t have time for such follies? 기억할 수 없나? 그러한 어리석은 것에 (낭비할) 시간이 없나? You need to change that, starting today. 오늘 시작하여, 그것을 바꿀 필요가 있다. Sounds obvious, but the first step toward making a dream come true is to actually have a dream. 분명하게 들릴지 모르나 한 발짝 앞으로 나아가, 꿈을 이룬다는 것은 사실 꿈을 꾸는 것이다. At some point in your life, you probably wanted something with your whole heart and it didn’t happen. 여러분의 인생의 어느 시점에서, 여러분은 열렬히 무언가를 아마 원했고 그것은 일어나지 않았다. And that hurt. You might have stopped dreaming. 그것은 상처가 되었다. 여러분은 꿈꾸는 것을 멈추었을지 모른다.

Maybe you didn't do it consciously, but you began to avoid letting yourself go after scary goals. 아마 여러분은 그것(꿈꾸는 것을 멈춘 일)을 의식적으로 한 것이 아니라 여러분 스스로가 무서운 목표를 추구하는 것을 피하기 시작했다. It’s a universal occurrence ― it happens to almost everyone. 그것은 보편적인 발생이다. 즉 거의 모든 사람에게 일어난다. But you can overcome this common limitation and start dreaming again. (*folly: 어리석은 행위) 그러나 여러분은 이러 일반적인 한계를 극복하여 다시 꿈을 꾸는 것을 시작할 수 있다.

① 타인과 꿈을 공유하면 꿈을 이루기 쉽다.

② 꿈을 자주 변경하는 것은 위험할 수 있다.

③ 꿈을 이루기 위해서는 우선 꿈을 가져야 한다.

④ 꿈은 자신의 심리상태를 상징적으로 보여준다.

⑤ 실현 가능한 작은 꿈부터 실천하기 시작해야 한다.

Many predators direct their initial attack at the head of their prey. 많은 포식동물들은 그들의 초기 공격을 그들 먹이의 머리로 향한다. ( predator : 포식동물, 약탈자) Some prey species have taken advantage of this tendency by evolving false heads located at their posterior end. 어떤 먹이 종은 그들 뒤쪽 끝에 위치한 거짓된 머리를 진화시키는 것으로 이런 경향을 이용한다. (posterior : 뒤쪽의) Individuals of the species Thecla togarna, for example, possess a false head with dummy antennae at the tips of their hindwings. 예를 들어, Thecla togarna같은 종은 그들 날개 끝 쪽에 있는 모조 안테나가 달린 거짓된 머리를 소유하고 있다. (dummy 모조의)Upon landing, the butterfly moves its hindwings, and thereby the dummy antennae up and down while keeping the true antennae motionless. 착륙 시, 나비는 뒤 쪽 날개를 움직여, 진짜 안테나는 움직이지 않게 유지하는 동안 모조 안테나를 위 아래로 움직인다. Thecla togarna’s second trick occurs at the instant of landing when the butterfly quickly turns so that its false head points in the direction of previous flight. Thecla togarna의 두 번째 속임수는 가짜 머리가 이전 비행방향으로 향하게 하기 위해 빠르게 방향을 트는 즉시 일어난다. (at the instant of landing : 착륙 즉시) An approaching predator is thus confronted with a prey that flutters off in the direction opposite to that expected. 그리하여 접근하는 포식자는 기대된 것과 반대방향에서 퍼덕거리는 먹이에 직면한다. (flutter : [새가] 날개치다, [길발, 돛 등이] 펄럭이다) Experimental tests have demonstrated that markings associated with false heads misdirect the attacks of avian predators and increase the possibility of escape of the prey. (*avian: 조류의) 실험실의 연구는 가짜 머리와 연관된 표시는 조류 포식자의 공격을 딴 방향으로 이끌어서 먹이 탈출 가능성을 증가시킨다는 것을 보여 주었다.

① various landing skills of small flying animals

작은 날 짐승들의 다양한 착륙 기법

② strategic behaviors of birds to find their preys

그들의 먹이를 찾기 위한 새들의 전략적인 행동

③ negative aspects of disguising the head of insects

곤충의 머리를 속이는 부정적인 측면

④ survival strategies of prey species using a false head 가짜 머리를 사용하는 먹이 종의 생존 전략

⑤ complementary relationships between birds and insects 새와 곤충 사이의 보완적인 관계

25. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

  There is no way that we two-legged creatures can keep up with many four-legged animals in a head-to-head sprint, 우리 두 다리를 가진 생명체는 많은 네 다리를 가진 동물들과 정면 달리기에서 따라 잡을 수는 없다. but in recent years, some anthropologists have suggested that the human species has evolved in such a way as to be built for marathon running. 그러나 최근 몇 년 동안, 몇몇 인류학자들은 인간은 마라톤 달리기를 위해 형성된 방식으로 진화해 왔다고 암시했다. Researchers from Harvard University and the University of Utah point to our long legs and short arms as being suited to running ―necessary for our early hunter-gatherer lifestyle on the African savannah. 하버드와 유타 대학의 연구진들은 우리의 긴 다리와 짧은 팔은 달리기에 적합한 것으로 지적한다. - 즉 아프리카 대초원에서 인류 초기의 사냥꾼에게 필요한 More specifically, the scientists highlight the abundance of tendons in our legs used little in walking but essential for running;

더욱 특별하게, 과학자들은 걸을 때 거의 사용하지 않지만 달리기 위해 필수적인 인간의 다리엔 많은 힘줄이 있다는 것을 강조한다. our large leg joints for shock absorption; and our relative lack of body hair for minimizing rises in body temperatures.

즉, 충격을 흡수하기 위한 큰 다리 관절; 체온의 상승을 최소화하기 위한 비교적 적은 체모(leg joints 다리 관절) These characteristics demonstrate that the human body as a whole is comparatively well suited to endurance running compared to other animals.  (*tendon: 힘줄) 이러한 특징들은 인간의 신체는 전체적으로 다른 동물들과 비교하여 달리기 지구력을 비교적 잘 적합하다라는 것을 보여준다.

① Limitations of Animal Running Speed

동물 달기기 속력의 한계

② How to Build Your Marathon Muscles

마라톤 근육을 증강시키는 방법

③ How Fast Can Humans Run 100 Meters?

인간 얼마나 빨리 100미터를 주파하는가?

④ Why Are Humans Good Long Distance Runners?

왜 인간은 장거리 달리기에 좋은가?

⑤ Basic Methods of Endurance Training for Running

달리기를 위한 지구력 훈련의 기본적인 방법

26. 밑줄 친 He[he]가 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

Bruce Adolphe first met Yo-Yo Ma at the Juilliard School in New York City.

Bruce Adolphe는 뉴욕시의 Juilliard School에서 Yo-Yo Ma를 처음 만났다. Although Ma was only fifteen years old at the time, ① he was already an established performer. 비록 Ma는 그 당시에 15살에 불과했을 지라도, 그는(Ma) 이미 인정받은 연주자였다.

(established : 인정된, 확립된)

Even at the age of seven, ② he had played at the White House. Meanwhile, Adolphe was a promising young composer who had just written his first cello piece. 심지어 7세의 나이에도 불구하고, 그는(Ma)는 백악관에서 연주를 한 적이 있다. 그러는 동안, Adolphe는 그의 첫 번째 첼로곡을 막 작곡한 유망한 젊은 작가였다.

③He had shown a draft of his composition to a Juilliard instructor, who told him that the piece featured a chord that was impossible to play.

그가(Adolphe) 쥴리어드 강사에게 그가 작곡한 초안을 보여줬을 때, 그 강사는 그에게 그 곡은 연주가 불가능한 화음의 특징이 있다고 말했다.

- feature : ~의 특징을 이루다

Before Adolphe could correct the music, however, Ma decided to rehearse the composition in his dorm room. Adolphe는 그 음악을 수정하기 전에, Ma는 기숙사 방에서 그 작곡을 예행연습하기로 결심했다.

④ He played through his friend’s composition, sight-reading the whole thing. 그는(Ma) 모든 것을 한 번 보고 연주하면서 그의 친구의 작곡을 끝까지 연주했다. - play through : 끝까지 연주하다 / sight-read : 한 번 보고 연주하다.

And when that impossible chord came, ⑤he somehow found a way to play it and his bow was straight across all four strings.

그리하여 그 불가능한 음에 다달었을 때, 그는(Ma) 그것을 연주하는 방식을 발견했고 그의 활은 곧바로 모든 4현에 가로질러 연주했다.

27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]

An ambiguous term is one which has more than a single meaning and ① whose context does not clearly indicate which meaning is intended.

모호한 용어는 단 하나의 의미 이상을 갖는 것이고 그 문맥은 어느 의미가 의도되었는지를 명확하게 암시하지 않는다.

[분석] 소유격 whose + 명사 : whose는 an ambiguous term을 의미함 / whose context : 그 문맥은

- ambiguous : 두 가지 (이상의) 해석이 가능한, 모호한 / context : 문맥, 상황, 전후관계 / indicate : 나타내다, 암시하다

For instance, a sign posted at a fork in a trail which ② reads “Bear To The Right” can be understood in two ways.

예를 들어, “오른쪽으로 가세요.”라고 쓰인 오솔길의 갈래 길에 세워진 신호판은 두 가지 방식으로 이해될 수 있다.

[분석] read : [온도계, 시계 등이] [몇도, 몇시 등을] 가르키다, 표시하다

- trail : 오솔길 / fork : 분기, 갈래 / bear : ~으로 향하다

The more probable meaning is that it is instructing hikers to take the right trail, not the left.

더욱 가능성 있는 의미는 등산객들에게 왼쪽이 아닌 오른쪽 길을 택하라는 것을 알려주고 있는 것이다.

But let us ③say that the ranger who painted the sign meant to say just the opposite.

그러나 그 신호판을 제작한 공원관계자는 단지 그 반대 (의미)를 알리려고 의미했다고 하자.

[분석] let(사역동사) + us(목적어) + say(원형동사) : let us say that ~라 말하자

He was trying to warn hikers against taking the right trail because there is a bear in the area through which it passes.

그는 등산객들에게 오른쪽 길로 가지 말라고 경고하고자 했다. 왜냐하면 곰이 그 지역을 통과하기 때문이다.

[분석] the area through which it passes = it[a bear] passes through the area을 관계대명사(which)를 사용한 것임.

The ranger’s language was therefore careless, and open to misinterpretation ④ what could have serious consequences.

그 공원관리인의 의미는 그러므로 조심성 없는 것이었고 심각한 결과를 야기할 수도 있는 잘못된 해석에 노출되었다.

[분석] misinterpretation과 could have serious consequences는 관계대명사로 연결이 되야함. what은 자체적으로 선행사+관계대명사이기 때문

- language : 말씨, 표현, 의미 / open : 노출된

The only way to avoid ambiguity is to spell things out as ⑤ explicitly as possible:

모호성을 피하는 유일한 방법은 가능한 명확하게 사물을 분명히 설명하는 것이다.

[분석] as 형용사/부사 as possible : 가능한 ~(형용사/부사)하게, 부사인 explicitly(분명하게)는 spell out인 동사를 수식

- spell out : ~을 분명히[상세히] 설명하다

“Keep left. Do not use trail to the right. Bears in the area.”

“즉, 계속 왼쪽으로 가세요. 오른쪽 길을 사용하지 마세요. 그곳에 곰이 있습니다. 라고”

28. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

If you place in a bottle half a dozen bees and the same number of flies, and lay the bottle down horizontally, with its base to the window,

만일 여러분이 병 안에 6마리 꿀벌과 같은 수의 파리를 넣고 바닥을 창을 향하여 병을 수평으로 뉘어 놓았다면,

[분석] place in A B : A안에 B를 놓다 / lay down : 눕혀 놓다

you will find that the bees will (A) delay / continue their endeavor to look for an exit through the glass till they die of exhaustion;

여러분은 꿀벌들은 그들이 지쳐서 죽을 때까지 유리 출구를 찾기 위해 노력을 계속할 것이다라는 것을 알게 될 것이다.

[분석] their endeavor : 그들의 노력은 continue와 어울린다, 또한 출구를 찾기 위해서는 계속적인(continue)를 해야하기 때문이다.

while the flies will soon escape the bottle through the neck on the opposite side.

반면에 파리들은 반대쪽의 병 입구를 통해 곧 탈출할 것이다.

It is the bees’ love of light, it is their very intelligence, that causes their (B) success / failure in this experiment.

이것은 꿀벌이 빛을 좋아하는 특성이고 아주 지능이 있다는 것으로 이 실험에서 꿀벌은 실패의 원인이 된다.

[분석] 윗 문장에서 till they die of exhaustion으로 볼 때, 결국에 죽는다는 것이므로 꿀벌은 ‘실패(failure)'한다는 것이 옳음

They evidently imagine that the exit from every prison must be there where the light shines clearest;

그들(꿀벌)은 모든 감옥으로부터 (탈출하기 위한) 출구는 빛이 가장 분명하게 드는 곳이 틀림없다고 분명히 추측한다.

and they act in accordance, and they persist in too logical action.

그리하여 그들은 따라서 행동하고 너무 논리적 행동을 지속한다.

- persist (자) 지속하다, 고집하다

The flies are careless of logic.

파리는 논리에 둔하다.

They flutter wildly here and there disregarding the call of the light and end up (C) ignoring/discovering the opening that restores their liberty to them.

그들(파리)은 빛의 신호를 무시하여 사방을 마구 퍼덕거리며 결국 자유를 그들에게 회복시켜주는 출구를 발견하는 것으로 끝이 난다.

- call : 신호, 외침

29. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

The graph above shows the advertising revenue trends in Television, Internet, Newspaper, and Radio in Canada from 2002 to 2011.

위 차트는 2002년부터 2011년 까지 캐나다에서 텔레비전, 인터넷, 신문, 그리고 라디오에서의 광고소득 추세를 보여준다.

① All the media’s advertising revenues in 2011 except Newspaper’s increased compared to the year of 2002.

2011년 모든 매체의 광고소득은 신문 (광고소득)을 제외하고 2002년의 (광고소득)과 비교하여 증가했다.

[분석] except Newspaper's (advertising revenues) 이 생략된 형태임 / compared to : ~와 비교하여

② Television advertising revenue ranked the highest each year throughout the period between 2002 and 2011.

텔레비전 광고소득은 2002년부터 2011년까지 내내 매년 가장 높은 순위였다.

③ During the given period, the gap between Television advertising revenue and Newspaper advertising revenue was the smallest in 2002, but the gap was over 1,500 million dollars in 2011.

그 주어진 기간 동안(2002년부터 2011년까지), 텔레비전 광고소득과 신문광고소득의 차는 2002년에 가장 작았지만, 그 격차는 2011년에 1,500만 달러 이상이었다.

[분석] 2011년 텔레비전 광고소득(3,552)에서 신문광고소득(1,971)을 빼면 1,581이므로 ‘over(이상)’ 표현이 맞음.

④ In 2002, Internet advertising revenue was smaller than any other media but it began to outgrow Radio advertising revenue after 2008.

2002년에 인터넷 광고소득은 어떤 다른 매체보다 더 작았지만, 2008년 이후로 라디오 광고소득을 훨씬 앞지르기 시작했다.

⑤ Radio advertising revenue was more than half of Television advertising revenue in 2011.

라디오 광고소득은 2011년에 텔레비전 광고소득의 반 이상이었다.

[분석] 2011년 라디오 광고소득(1,575)이고 텔레비전 광고소득(3,552)이므로 라디오와 텔레비전 소득이 바뀌어야 옳음.

30. Vivian Malone Jones에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Vivian Malone Jones was the first African-American woman who entered the University of Alabama in 1963, along with fellow black student James Hood.

Vivian Malone Jones는 동료 흑인학생인 James Hood와 함께 1963년에 Alabama대학에 들어간 최초의 아프리카계 미국인이었다.

[분석] ① Alabama 대학교에 들어간 최초의 흑인여성이다.

Their entry resulted in then Governor George Wallace standing in the door of the university in an attempt to halt their admission.

그들의 대학 등록은 그들의 입학을 방해하기 위한 시도로 주지사인 George Wallace가 대학정문에서 서게하는 결과를 낳았다.

[분석] ② 대학정문에서George Wallace의 환영을 받았다. → 환영이 아닌, 방해를 받음

They entered the university but only after an agreement was reached between the White House and Wallace’s aides.

그들은 백악관과 Wallace의 보좌관들 사이의 협의가 이뤄진 후에야 대학에 들어갈 수 있었다.

Ms. Jones further distinguished herself as the first African-American to graduate from the University of Alabama in 1965.

Jones은 1965년에 그 대학을 졸업한 첫 번째 아프리카계 미국인으로서 더욱 두각을 나타냈다.

[분석] ③ 1965년에 대학교를 졸업했다.

She moved to Washington, DC and joined the U.S. Department of Justice as a staff member of its Voter Education Project.

그녀는 워싱턴 DC로 옮겨서 Voter Education Project(유권자교육계획)의 직원으로서 미 법무부에서 근무했다.

Following that assignment, she moved to Atlanta and took a position with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), where she was director of civil rights and urban affairs.

그 직책의 임명 뒤로, 그녀는 아틀랜타로 옮겨 EPA(환경보호단체)에서 근무했다. 그곳에서 그녀는 인권단체와 도시문제의 책임자가 되었다.

④ Atlanta로이주하여 EPA에서 근무했다.

She retired in 1996 remaining active in civil rights organizations.

그녀는 1996년에 은퇴 후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.

⑤ 은퇴후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.

① Alabama 대학교에 들어간 최초의 흑인여성이다.

② 대학정문에서 George Wallace의 환영을 받았다.

③ 1965년에 대학교를 졸업했다.

④ Atlanta로 이주하여 EPA에서 근무했다.

⑤ 은퇴 후에도 인권단체에서 활동했다.

31. 

It is not a new idea that cooking is an activity that                           humans.

요리가 인간의 ~하는 활동이라는 것은 새삼스런 생각은 아니다.

[분석] it is A that S + V : A를 강조하기 위한 구문임.

In 1773, the Scottish writer James Boswell, noting that “no beast is a cook,” called Homo sapiens “the cooking animal.”

1773년에, 짐승은 요리사가 절대 아니라고 언급한 스코틀랜드의 작가 James Boswell은 호모 사피언스를 요리할 줄 아는 동물이라 불렀다.

Fifty years later, in The Physiology of Taste, the French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin claimed that cooking made us who we are;

50년이 지난 후, 맛의 생리학에서 프랑스 미식가인 Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin은 요리는 우리를 현재의 우리 모습으로 만들었다라고 주장했다.

[분석] make A B로 만들다 / who we are : 현재의 우리 모습

by teaching men to use fire, it had “done the most to advance the cause of civilization.”

즉 사람들에게 불의 사용을 가르치는 것으로, 그것(요리)은 문명의 시작으로 도약하는 최대의 영향을 끼쳤다.

[분석] do the most to ~에 최대 영향을 미치다

More recently, Léi-Strauss, writing in The Raw and the Cooked in 1964, reported that many of the world’s cultures entertained a similar view, regarding cooking as the symbolic activity that “establishes the difference between animals and people.”

더욱 최근에, 1964년 ‘날것과 요리된 것’의 작가인 Léi-Strauss는 많은 세계의 문화는 요리를 동물과 사람과의 차이점을 설정하는 상징적인 활동으로서 간주하는 유사한 견해를 고려한다고 기고했다.

[분석] entertain : [신청, 생각 등을] 고려하다, (마음속에)품다 / s similar view, regarding ~: ~를 간주하는 유사한 생각

* gastronome: 미식가

① defines    ② protects    ③ harms

④ confuses   ⑤ entertains

32. When we begin each book, we roll up our sleeves and do everything we can to ease students into academic reading.

우리가 책을 (읽기) 시작할 때, 우리는 소매를 걷고 학생들을 편안하게 하여 학업적 독서에 하도록 모든 것을 할 수 있다.

This means that we frame the text before students read it.

이것은 학생들이 그것(책)을 읽기 전에 우리가 교재를 짜맞추는 것을 의미한다.

We provide a specific purpose for reading each chapter.

우리는 각 장을 읽는 동안 특별한 목적을 제공한다.

We design close readings that enable kids to explore more deeply than surface-level reading.

우리는 아이들이 표면적 수준의 독서 보다는 더욱 깊게 탐구하도록 하기 위해 상세한 독서를 고안한다.

[분석] to explore more deeply(더욱 깊게 탐구하도록)과 어울리도록 close readings(상세한 독서)라 번역함.

We model to students how we would read the text.

어떻게 우리가 그 교재를 읽을 것인지를 학생들에게 모범을 제시한다.

[분석] model : (자동사)로 ~에게 모범(표준)을 제시하다

About halfway through the novel, we should begin to step out of the process and begin requiring our students to take the journey on their own.

그 소설의 중간쯤에서, 우리의 학생들이 진행되는 과정에서 벗어나 그들 자신의 여행(탐구)을 하도록 요구하는 것을 시작해야만 한다.

Teachers should not hold the hands of their students all the way through the novel.

교사들은 그 소설을 읽는 내내 학생들의 손을 잡아 줘서는(도움을 줘서는) 안 된다.

If the front half of the book is taught properly, students should be equipped to read the  second half of the book with much less assistance from the instructor.

만일 그 책의 전반부의 반쯤 적절히 가르쳤다면, 학생들은 그 책은 두 번째 중반부 반쯤은 교사로부터 더더욱 도움 없이 읽도록 무장시켜야만 한다.

Students should be encouraged to                            . [3점]

학생들은 ~하도록 권장 받아야만 한다.

① come up with creative ideas through writing

쓰는 것을 통한 창의적인 생각을 제시

② make their own plans for choosing good books

양서를 선택하기 위한 그들 자신의 계획을

③ transition from the guided tour into the solo tour

안내된 여행으로부터 스스로 여행으로 전환

④ buy some novels before setting out on a journey

여행을 시작하기 전 몇 권의 소설을 사도는 것을

⑤ learn how to read from their teachers all the time

줄 곳 그들의 교사들로부터 읽는 방식을 배우는 것을

33. 

Consider the “power” of a baseball bat. All the energy gained by the bat is supplied by the batter. 야구방망이의 힘을 고찰해 보자. 방망이에 의해 얻어진 모든 에너지는 타자에 의해 공급된다.

The bat is just an instrument that helps send the ball on its way.

그 방망이는 야구공이 진행 방향으로 보내지는데 도움을 주는 단지 도구일 뿐이다.

If it does its job well, then we usually say that the bat is powerful.

만일 이런 것이 잘 된다면, 그때 우리는 보통 그 방망이는 강력하다로 말한다.

In physics terms, we should really describe the bat in terms of its efficiency.

물리학에서, 우리는 효율성의 측면에서 방망이의 상세히 설명해야만 한다.

An efficient bat would be one that allows the batter to transfer the energy in his arms to the ball without                   in the process.

효율적인 방망이는 그 과정에서              없이 타자가 자신의 팔의 에너지를 야구공에 전달하도록 하는 방망이 이다.

In fact, all bats are very inefficient in the sense that only a small fraction of the energy in the arms is given to the ball.

사실, 모든 방망이는 팔의 작은 일부의 에너지만을 야구공에 전달한다는 의미에서 아주 비효율적이다.

Most of that energy is retained in the bat and in the arms as a result of the “follow through” after the bat strikes the ball. [3점]

대부분의 에너지는 방망이가 공을 친 이후 팔을 뻗는 결과로서 방망이와 팔에 남아 있다.

- retain : ~을 유지하다, 간직하다 / follow through : (야구에서) 공을 친 뒤 팔을 끝까지 뻗다

① any friction to the ball

공에 대한 어떠한 마찰

② too much loss of energy

너무나 많은 에너지 손실

③ decrease of swing speed

휘둘르는 속도의 감소

④ help from another instrument

다른 도구의 도움

⑤ enhancement of physical strength

실질적 힘의 향상

34.

Actors sometimes jump at the chance to play a huge response to some big news.

배우는 어떤 큰 소식에 거대하게 반응하는 것으로 때때로 기회를 잡는다.

One character says to another, “You just won a million dollars!”

한 배우는 다른 배우에게 “당신은 방금 백만 달러를 벌었지요!”라고 말한다.

And the actor immediately jumps up and down and yells about winning a million dollars.

그리고 그 배우는 즉시 껑충껑충 뛰면서 백만 달러를 버는 것에 관해 소리친다.

But what would a person do? Stanislavski, a famous Russian theater director, spoke of               .

하지만 한 개인은 무얼 할까? 유명한 러시아 연극 감독인 Stanislavski는 ~관해 말했다.

It often takes time for a person to process information― whether it’s very good or very bad.

한 개인이 정보가 아주 좋든 나쁘든 간에 정보를 처리하는데 종종 시간일 걸린다.

Think back to a time in your life when some big news was delivered.

어떤 큰 소식이 전달되었던 당신의 인생의 시간을 회고해 보라.

What did you do? Did you immediately jump up and down, scream with joy or pain?

당신은 무엇을 했나? 당신은 즉시 껑충껑충 뛰면서 기쁨 또는 고통으로 소릴 쳤나?

Or did you just sit down for a moment, saying nothing?

아니면, 당신은 그냥 잠시 앉아서 침묵했나?

How long did it take to really understand that you won that award before you responded?

당신이 반응하기 전 그 보상에 얻은 것을 정말로 이해하는데 얼마의 시간이 걸렸나?

Be a person. Don’t just go for emotion or the obvious response. [3점]

인간이 되어라. 단지 감정이나 분명한 반응으로 인해 나가지 말아라.

① reflective delay 반향적인(깊이 생각하는) 연기

② social interaction 사회적 상호반응

③ unintended result  의도 않은 결과

④ selective attention 선택적 주의

⑤ individual contribution 개인적 공헌

35.

There is no frame-free way to evaluate anything. Consider this example.

어떤 것을 평가할 때 틀에서 자유로운 방법은 없다. 이런 예를 고찰해 보자.

College students were asked whether they would support a  multimillion-dollar safety measure that would save 150 lives at risk.

위험에 처한 150명의 생명을 구할 백만 달러의 안전장치를 지지할 것인지를 대학생들에게 물어봤다.

Is 150 lives a lot or a little? Well, compared with what?

150명의 생명은 많은가 또는 적은가? 음, 무엇과 비교될까?

Other students were asked whether they would support a safety measure that would save 98 percent of 150 lives at risk.

위험에 처한 150명의 생명의 98%를 구할 안정장치를 지지할 것인지를 다른 학생들에게 물어봤다.

These students were more favorable toward it than the students who were told it would save 150 lives.

이런 학생들은 그것이 150명의 생명을 구할 것이라고 들은 학생들 보다 그것을 더욱 선호한다는 것 이었다.

Obviously, saving 150 lives is better than saving 98 percent of 150 lives, but a measure that saved 98 percent of the lives seems clearly cost-effective.

분명히, 150명의 생명을 구하는 것은 150명의 생명의 98%를 구하는 것보다 더 나은 것이지만, 그 생명의 98%를 구한 방식은 더욱 비용 효율적인 것 같다.

The 98 percent figure provides the students with a  frame that 150 lives by itself does not.

그 98%의 수치는 학생들에게 150명의 생명 그 차제가 제공하지 못하는 틀을 제공한다.

Whether the money spent on safety is seen as a wise decision or not will depend on                .

그 돈이 안전에 쓰여 지는 것이 현명한 결정으로 보이든 아니든              에 의존할 것이다.

When people are told that a safety measure will save 98 percent of 150 lives, a frame is created between 150 lives and 98 percent of 150 lives. [3점]

사람들은 안전장치가 150명의 생명의 98%를 구할 것이라고 들었을 때, 어떤 틀은 150명의 생명과 150명의 생명의 98% 사이에 생겨난다.

① the analysis of the input 입력 분석

② the context of comparison 비교 배경(전후관계)

③ the expectation of investors 투자자의 기대

④ the effort of risk management 위험관리의 효과

⑤ the background of respondents 응답자의 배경

36.

The danger that the human population poses to the environment is the result of two factors:

사람인구가 환경에 끼는 위험은 두 가지 요소의 결과이다.

the (A) of people and the environmental impact of each person.

사람들의 (A)와 각 사람들의 환경적 충격이다.

When there were few people on Earth and limited technology, the human impact was primarily local.

지구상에 사람들과 제한된 기술이 거의 없었을 때, 인간의 충격은 주로 국한적 이었다.

Even so, people have affected the environment for a surprisingly long time.

그렇다 하더라도, 사람들은 아주 오랜 시간동안 환경에 영향을 미쳐왔다.

It started with the use of fire to clear land, and it continued, new research shows, with large effects on the environment by early civilizations.

그것은 농토를 개간하기 위해 불의 사용으로 시작되어, 새로운 연구는 보여 주듯이, 계속해서 초기 문명에 의한 환경에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다.

For example, large areas of North America were modified by American Indians, who used fire for a variety of reasons and modified the forests of the eastern United States.

예를 들어, 북미의 큰 지역들은 여러 이유로 불을 사용하고 동부 미국의 산림을 바꿔 놓았던 미국 인디언들에 의해 바뀌었다.

The problem now is that there are so many people and our technologies are so powerful that our effects on the environment are even more (B) .

그런 문제는 오늘날 너무나 많은 사람들과 우리의 기술은 너무나 강력하여 환경이 미치는 영향은 훨씬 더  (B) 이다.

This could cause a negative feedback― the more people, the worse the environment;

이것은 부정적인 결과를 야기 시킬 수 있다 - 사람이 많아지면 많아질수록, 한경은 더 더욱 악화된다.

the worse the environment, the fewer people. [3점]

환경이 악화되면 될수록, 사람들의 수는 더 더욱 줄어든다.

       (A)       (B)

① number …… global

② number …… limited

③ knowledge …… positive

④ movement …… accidental

⑤ movement …… exaggerated

37.

A decision can be rational without being right and right without being rational.

결정은 옳은 것 없이 합리적일 수 있고 합리적인 것 없이 옳을 수 있다.

This has been illustrated through many examples in history.

이것은 역사에서 많은 예를 보여주었다.

(A) , in the battle of Narva (on the border between Russia and what we now call Estonia) on 20 November 1700, King Carl of Sweden and his 8,000 troops attacked the Russian army, led by Tsar Peter the Great.

(A 예를 들어), Narva 전투에서 (러시아와 오늘날 에스토니아 국경에서) 1700년 11월 20일에, 스웨던 왕 Carl과 그의 8,000명의 병사들은 황제 Peter,가 이끄는 러사아군을 공격했다.

The tsar had about ten times as many troops at his disposal.

그 황제는 자신의 지휘하는 군이 약 10배가 넘었다.

Most historians agree that the Swedish attack was irrational, since it was almost certain to fail.

스웨덴의 공격은 불합리적이다. 왜냐하면 그것은 실패가 거의 확실하기 때문이다라고 대부분의 역사학자들은 동의한다.

 (B) , the Swedes had no strategic reason for attacking;

(B 더우기), 스웨덴은 공격을 위한 어떠한 전략적 타당성도 없었다.

they could not expect to gain very much from victory.

그들은 승리하여 많은 것을 얻는 것을 기대할 수 없었다.

However, because of an unexpected snowstorm that blinded the Russian army, the Swedes won.

그러나, 러시아군을 가로막은 예상치 못한 눈보라로, 스웨덴은 승리했다.

The battle was over in less than two hours. The Swedes lost 667 men and the Russians approximately 15,000.

그 전투는 거의 2시간 만에 끝났다. 스웨덴은 667명의 병사를 잃었고 러시아는 약 15,000을 잃었다.

         (A)          (B)

① For instance …… Moreover

② For instance …… Therefore

③ Furthermore …… Therefore

④ However    …… Similarly

⑤ However    …… Moreover

38. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?

We’re creatures of habit. In all the years I’ve been hearing that old expression, I’ve never heard anyone dispute it. Probably because there’s so much truth to it.

우리는 습관의 창조물이다. 내가 그 오래된 표현을 들어오고 있을 땐 늘, 어느 누구도 그것을 반박하 하는 것을 듣은 적도 없다. 아마도 그것이 너무나 당연하기 때문이다.

(A) While someone might argue that particular figure, I doubt that anyone would disagree that our habits have a powerful hold on us.

누군가는 그 특별한 특징에 논쟁할 수 있는 반면에, 우리의 습관은 우리를 강력하게 억압하는 것이라는 데 누군가가 동의하지 않는다는 것을 나는 의심한다.

Most of them start innocently and unintentionally. At the beginning they form a kind of invisible thread.

그들 대부분은 순진하고 무심코 시작한다. 초기에 그들은 보이지 않은 줄의 종류를 형성한다.

(B) In fact, we’re even more the result of habit than most people realize.

사실, 우리는 대부분의 사람들이 깨닫는 것 보다 더 습관의 결과물이다.

Some psychologists believe that up to ninety-five percent of our behavior is formed through habit.

심리학자들은 우리 행동의 95%까지 습관을 통해서 형성된다고 믿는다.

(C) But through repetition, that thread becomes twisted into a cord and later into a rope.

그러나 반복을 통해, 그 실은 줄로 왜곡되어 나중에 동아줄이 된다.

Each time we repeat an act, we add to it and strengthen it.

우리가 어떠한 행동을 반복할 때마다, 우리는 그것을 덧붙이고 그것을 더 강하게 한다.

The rope becomes a chain and then a cable. Eventually, we become our habits.

그 동아줄은 쇠사슬이 되고나서 굵은 밧줄이 된다. 결국, 우리는 우리의 습관이 된다.

① (A) - (C) - (B)   ② (B) - (A) -(C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A)   ④ (C) - (A) -(B)

⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳은?

Compare this to the situation that occurs when the same man is stepping into an elevator and another person steps in front of him, invading his personal territory.

이것을 같은 사람이 엘리베이터 안으로 걸어 들어가고 있고 다른 사람은 그 앞에서 걸어 그의 개인적 영역을 침범하고 있다는 것과 비교하자.

ⓕPsychologists have noted that ⓐpeople driving a car ⓔreact in a manner that is ⓓoften completely unlike ⓒtheir normal social behavior ⓑas regards their territories.

ⓐ운전하는 ⓑ사람들은 그들의 영역으로 간주하는 것과 같은 ⓒ그들의 일상적인 사회적 행동과 ⓓ종종 전혀 다른 ⓔ방식에서 반응한다고 ⓕ심리학자들은 지적한다.

( ① ) It seems that a car sometimes has　a magnifying effect on the size of a person’s personal space.

자동차는 때때로 한 개인의 개인적인 공간의 크기를 확대하는 효과를 갖는 것 같다.

( ② ) In some cases, their territory is expanded by up to ten times the normal size, so the driver feels that he has a claim to an area of 9 to 10 meters in front of and behind his car.

어떤 경우엔, 그들의 영역은 평상시 크기에 10배 이상 확대된다. 그래서 그 운전자는 자신의 자동차의 정면과 후방에서 9에서 10미터의 지역을 (자신의 영역이라) 주장한다고 느낀다.

( ③ ) When another driver cuts in front of him, even if no danger is involved, the driver may go through a physiological change, becoming angry and out of control.

다른 운전가가 그 앞에 끼어들 때, 비록 위험이 없다손 치더라도, 그 운전자는 심리적인 변화를 경험하여 화를 내거나 자제심을 잃을 수 도 있다.

( ④ ) His reaction in those circumstances is normally apologetic and he allows the other man to go first.

그러한 상황에서의 그의 반응은 보통 사과를 해야 하는 것이고 그는 그 다른 사람이 먼저 가도록 인정한다.

( ⑤ ) This is remarkably different from what happens when another driver cuts in front of him on the open road.

이것은 다른 운전자가 개방된 도로에서 그 앞에 끼어들 때 일어나는 것과는 아주 다르다.

40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

One of the companies I work with gets thousands of calls every day to its customer support center.

내가 일하고 있는 여러 회사들 중 한 곳은 고객지원세터에 매일 수 천 통의 전화가 걸려온다.

Sometimes the problems can be solved right away, but often the service representative has to look into the matter and call back later.

때때로 그 문제들은 즉시 처리될 수 도 있지만, 종종 서비스 직원들은 그 문제를 검토하여 이후에 전화를 줘야한다.

When the company subsequently surveyed its customers to see how satisfied they had been with the support center, one of the results was something intriguing:

그 회사는 그들(고객들)이 고객센터에 얼마나 만족하는지를 알아보기 위해 그 이후에 설문조사를 실시했을 때, 결과 중 한 개는 매우 흥미가 있는 것 이었다.

- subsequently : 그 이후에 / intriguing : 매우 흥미있는

58 percent of customers whose problem had been solved right away remembered that their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,”

그들의 문제는 즉시 해결되었다고 응답한 고객의 58%는 그들의 전화는 “즉시” 또는 “아주 빠르게” 받아졌다고 기억했다.

while only 4 percent remembered having been kept waiting “too long.”

반면 단지 4$만이 너무 오래 기다렸다고 기억했다.

Meanwhile, of those customers whose problem had not been solved right away,

더욱이, 그들의 문제가 즉시 해결되지 않았다고 답한 고객들 중에,

only 36 percent remembered their call had been answered “immediately” or “very quickly,”

단지 36%는 그들의 전화가 “즉시” 또는 “아주 빠르게” 받아졌다고 기억했다.

while 18 percent recalled they had waited “too long.”

반면 18%는 그들은 “너무 오래” 기다렸다고 회상했다.

In fact, the company had an automated answering system and there was no difference in waiting time between the two groups.

사실, 그 회사는 자동응답시스템을 갖추었고 그 집단 사이에 어떤 차이점도 없었다.

󰀻

According to the survey, whether a customer’s problem was solved  (A immediately)  or not had an impact on the customer’s  (B perception)  of how fast the phone call had been answered.

설문조사에 따르면, 고객의 문제가 즉시 해결되었든 아니든 간에 얼마나 빨리 전화가 응답 되었지에 대한 고객의 인식 영향을 끼쳤다.

       (A)          (B)

① completely …… response   

② completely …… evaluation

③ previously …… curiosity   

④ immediately …… perception

⑤ immediately …… expectation

[41~42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

 In the early fifteenth century, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent his sailors to explore Africa and open it to Portuguese trade.

15세기 초에, 포르투갈의 항해사인 Prince Henry는 아프리카를 탐험하여 그곳에 포르투갈의 무역을 열도록 그의 선원들을 보냈다.

Portuguese expeditions began to work their way down the western coast, always within sight of land.

포르투갈의 탐험대는 항상 육지가 보이는 범위 안에서 서부 해안을 따라 항해하기 시작했다.

[분석] within sight of land : 육지가 보이는 범위 안에서

Upon reaching Cape Bojador, a rocky stretch of desolate coast with terrifying currents,

Cape Bojador, 공포의 해류가 있는 암초투성이의 고립된 해안에 다달았을 때,

the Portuguese sailors would inevitably turn back, convinced that this was the end of land and that no ship would ever pass it.

포르투갈 선원들은 이곳은 육지의 끝이고 어떠한 배도 그 곳을 지나갈 수 없다고 인식하여 하는 수 없이 뱃머리를 돌리곤 했다.

Prince Henry sent out 15 expeditions between 1424 and 1434 / until finally one succeeded by sailing a few kilometers out to sea and going south for a few kilometers, thereby passing the dangerous rocks and currents.

Prince Henry는 1424년과 1434년에 15차례의 탐험대를 보냈다. / 마침내 한 탐험대는 바다 쪽으로 몇 킬로미터 떨어져 항해하여 수 킬로미터를 남쪽으로 향하여 마침내 그 위험한 암초와 해류를 통과하여 성공하였다.

[분석] few kilometers out to sea 바다 쪽으로 몇 킬로미터 떨어져

As a navigation feat, this change of direction was trivial.

항해 업적에 따르면, 이 방향의 변경은 사소한 것이었다.

While it is true that their ships were not strong and their navigation tools were primitive,

그들의 선박은 약했고 그들의 항해 도구는 원시적인 것인 반면에

the major barrier was not technological but the fear of losing sight of land.

주요한 장애는 기술적인 것이 아닌 육지가 보이지 않는 두려움이었다.

We can say that the feat of Christopher Columbus was far more difficult technically,

Christopher Columbus의 업적은 엄밀히 말하면 훨씬 더 어려웠을 것이랄 말할 수 있지만,

- technically : 엄밀히 말하면, 기술적으로

but he too faced a major barrier of fear, both in his sponsors and in his crew.

그 또한 그의 후원자들과 선원들 사이의 공포의 주요한 장애에 직면했다.

Once the Atlantic was crossed, this fear was swept away and only the reasonable fears of shipwreck, disease, and sea monsters remained.

일단 대서양을 횡단했을 때, 이러 공포는 말끔히 사라졌고 단지 난파, 질병 그리고 해양 괴물과 같은 분명한 공포가 남아 있었다.

Many barriers are of this type. They are not merely unknown, but unimaginable.

많은 장애는 이러한 종류이다. 그들(장애)은 단지 알려져 있지 않아서가 아니라 상상할 수 없었다.

Major development can be achieved by having the courage to recognize and overcome                  _____________ barriers, just as the Portuguese and Spanish sailors did.

포르투갈과 스페인 선원들이 이루었던 것처럼, 주요한 발전은 정신적 장애를 인식하고 극복하는 것으로 성취될 수 있다.

41. 윗글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

① the problem of limitless creativity

제한된 창의력의 문제

② the importance of analytical thinking

분석적인 사고의 중요성

③ the obstacle in undertaking adventures

모험을 시작할 때 장애물

④ the necessity of innovative technology

혁신적인 기술의 필요성

⑤ the benefit of taking safe sailing routes

안전한 항로를 선택하는 이점

42. 윗글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

① racial(인종적)  

② mental(정신적)  

③ cultural(문화적)  

④ geographical(지리학적)  

⑤ technological(기술적)

[43~45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

(A) Two boys were playing on a beach, seeing who could skim a rock out the farthest.

두 아이가 누가 더 멀리 돌맹이를 던지는지를 보면서 해변에서 놀고 있었다.

- skim : [수면을] 스치듯 지나가다

This was their vacation, and it was good to find the sea flat this morning, particularly after several days of wild storms when the sea had been whipped up to a frenzy.

오늘은 그들의 방학이었고 바다가 미친 듯 휘몰아치던 특히 몇 일간의 사나운 폭풍이 지난 후, 오늘 아침 바다가 잔잔한 것은 좋았다.

- whip up to a frenzy : 미친 듯 휘몰아치다

Turbulent waves and high tides had washed lots of poor sea creatures ashore.

사납고 높은 파도는 해안가의 많은 가엽은 생물들을 쓸어가 버렸다.

The boys found themselves walking through jellyfish, starfish, crabs, and other little animals that coated the beach like a dying blanket.

그 소년들은 죽어가는 담요와 같이 해변을 감쌌던 해파리, 불가사리, 계, 그리고 다른 작은 동물들을 지나치는 자신들을 알았다.

(B) Slowly dropping her hands a little lower, she let the little creature feel the refreshing touch of the sea.

그녀의 손을 약간 아래로 떨어뜨리면서, 그녀는 그 작은 생명체가 바닷물의 신선한 접촉을 느끼도록 했다.

The octopus spread its tentacles as if feeling good to be back home once again.

문어는 다시 집으로 돌아가는 안도를 느끼는 것처럼 자신의 촉수를 펼쳤다.

Supportively, the girl’s hands cupped the young animal until it gathered the strength and propelled itself forward in the water.

그것(문어)이 힘을 모아 바다로 향하도록 자신을 추진할 때까지 그 소녀의 손은 그 어린 동물을 손바닥으로 받쳤다.

- cup : [물 등을] 찻잔[손바닥]으로 받다[떠내다].

She stood watching, a faint smile on her face at the pleasure of seeing another creature safely on its way.

다른 생명체가 안전하게 자신의 길을 가는 것을 보는 기쁨에 그녀의 얼굴엔 약간의 미소를 띠면서 지켜보면서 서있었다.

Only then did she turn and retrace her steps to the shore. Finally, she seemed to notice the laughing boys.

바로 그때, 그녀는 몸을 돌려 해안가에 나있는 자신을 발자국을 따라갔다. 마침내, 그녀는 웃고 있는 소년들을 알아챈 것 같았다.

[분석] only가 문두에 왔을 경우, 문장이 도치됨. only then did she ~

Looking them in the eye, she said, “It sure made a difference for that one!”

그들을 보면서 “그것은 분명히 그 작은 저것(그 생명체)에게 중요했어!”

- make a different : 중요하다, 효과를 내다, 영향을 미치다.

(C) At the end of the beach the boys noticed a girl frequently wading in and out of the water.

해변 끝에 있는 소년들은 그 소녀가 바닷물에 자주 (발을) 담았다 뺐다하는 것을 지켜보았다.

- wade : [물 속을] 걷다.

Curious to see what she was doing, they headed off in her direction.

그녀가 하는 것을 보는 것에 호기심이 난 그들(소년들)은 그녀에게 향했다.

As they got closer, they saw that she would bend down and pick up one of the sea creatures.

그들이 더 가까워지자, 그들은 그녀가 허리를 굽혀 바다 생물 중 하나를 집어들곤 하는 것을 보았다.

[분석] would : (과거에) ~하곤 했다.

She cradled it gently in her hands, waded out into the water, and released it back in its home.

그녀는 그것을 손에서 부드럽게 흔들어 달래고 바닷물 안으로 들어가 그것을 도로 놓아 주었다.

Then she returned to the shore, picked up yet another creature, and gently carried it back into the water.

그리고나서 그녀는 해안가로 돌아와 역시 다른 생물체를 집어 들고 그것을 바닷물로 살며시 되돌려 주었다.

[분석] yet는 지금도, 여전히

(D) The boys began to laugh. It was just the sort of silly stuff they could expect a girl do.

그 소년들은 비웃기 시작했다. 그것은 그들이 기대하기로 그 소녀가 하는 어리석은 행동에 대한 것이었다.

“Hey,” they called out, “what are you doing? Can’t you see you ain't gonna make any difference?

“얘야”, 그들은 소리쳤다, “뭘하고 있니? 넌 어떤 중요한 것도 할 수 없는 것도 모르니?

The beach is covered with thousands of dead and dying creatures.” And they laughed some more.

해변은 수 많은 죽고 죽어가는 생명체들로 덮여 있잖아.“ 그리고 그들은 약간 더 비웃었다.

The girl seemed to ignore them at first.

그 소녀는 처음엔 그들을 무시한 것 같았다.

She picked up a lifeless-looking young octopus, nursed it carefully in her hands, and walked back into the ocean as if the boys didn't exist.

그녀는 죽은 것 같아 보이는 어린 문어를 집어 들고 그녀의 손에서 조심스럽게 보살피고 나서 소년들을 개의치 않고 바닷물로 들어갔다.

She lowered the octopus into the water, tenderly washing away the sand and seaweed that had collected over it and entangled its tentacles. *tentacle: 촉수

43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장

적절한 것은?

① (B) - (C) - (D)    ② (B) - (D) - (C) 

③ (C) - (B) - (D)    ④ (C) - (D) - (B) 

⑤ (D) - (B) - (C)

44. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

① Boys Who Loved the Sea Creatures   

② A Small Good Deed Can Save a Life

③ All You Need to Know about Nature   

④ Seriousness of the Man-Made Disaster

⑤ What Makes Men Different from Animals?

45. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

① 며칠간의 폭풍이 지나가고 바다는 잔잔해졌다. 

② 물속에서 문어가 힘을 내서 앞으로 나아갔다.

③ 소녀는 몸을 굽혀서 바다생물을 집어 들었다. 

④ 소년들은 소녀의 행동을 칭찬했다.

⑤ 소녀는 소년들을 처음 보았을 때 무시하는듯했다.

The idea of the Belly Button Rule was initially discovered in a study by W. T. James in the 1930s. Through a series of tests that had respondents identifying almost 350 different meanings for various poses from a series of photographs, James was able to determine that the direction of the torso plays a key role in determining a person's level of interest. James separated belly button directionality into four key groups: approach (interest), withdrawal (disinterest), expansion (heightened interest and confidence), and contraction (nervousness and slightly reduced interest). About thirty years later, Dr. Albert Mehrabian further refined James's studies, noting that belly button direction was the most important aspect of reading a person's intention. Numerous studies have appeared since that time, confirming that the Belly Button Rule is one of the most accurate ways of gauging a person's interest and intent. The direction our belly button faces reflects our attitude and reveals our emotional state. When we suddenly turn our belly button toward a door or  an exit or simply away from someone, we subconsciously send the signal that we want out of the conversation and perhaps even out of the interaction.

The idea of the Belly Button Rule(배꼼 법칙에 관한 생각은) was initially discovered in a study by W. T. James in the 1930s(1930년대  W. T. James가 연구하는 중 처음 발견되었다). Through a series of tests(계속된 실험에) that had respondents identifying almost 350 different meanings for various poses from a series of photographs(피 실험자들에게 연속된 사진으로 부터 다양한 위치를 갖는 거의 350개의 다른 의미 차이점을 확인해 보는), James was able to determine(James는 ~을 확인할 수 있었다) that the direction of the torso plays a key role(몸통의 방향이 결정적 역할을 한다) in determining a person's level of interest(한 사람의 흥미수준을 결정할 때). James separated belly button directionality into four key groups(James는 배꼼법칙 방향성을 4개의 주요 집단으로 분리했다): approach (interest), withdrawal (disinterest), expansion (heightened interest and confidence)(접근(흥미), 움추림(흥미없음), 확장(고조된 응미와 자신감)), and contraction (nervousness and slightly reduced interest)(그리고 수축(긴장감과 약간의 흠미감소)). About thirty years later(약 30년이 지나), Dr. Albert Mehrabian further refined James's studies(Albert Mehrabian박사는 James연구를 더 세밀하게 구분 지었다), noting that belly button direction was the most important aspect of reading a person's intention(belly button의 방향은 사람의 의도를 파악하는데 가장 중요한 요소였다). Numerous studies have appeared since that time(수 많은 연구가 그 이후로 계속 되었다), confirming that the Belly Button Rule is one of(배꼽규칙은 ~라 입증하면서) the most accurate ways of gauging a person's interest and intent(사람의 흥미와 의도를 측정하는데 가장 정교한 방법중 하나라고). The direction our belly button faces reflects our attitude(우리의 배꼼 위치하는 방향은 우리의 태도를 반영하고) and reveals our emotional state(우리의 감정의 상태를 보여준다). When we suddenly turn our belly button toward a door or  an exit or simply away from someone(우리가 갑짜기 우리의 배꼽을 문쪽으로 또는 출구쪽으로 방향을 바꾸거나  누군가와 단순히 떨어질 때), we subconsciously send the signal(우리는 무의식적으로 ~의 신호를 보낸다) that we want out of the conversation and perhaps even out of the interaction(우리는 그 대화에서 벗어나고 싶어하거나 아마 그 반응에서 벗어나고픈).

- ‡initial [iníʃəl] a. ① 처음의 ② 머리글자의 / series [sí-əriːz] n. (pl. ∼) ① 일련, 한 계열, 연속. ② 연속물[프로]; 연속 강의; 연속 시합 / respondent [rispɑ́ndənt] a. 대답[응답]하는; 감응하는 / ‡identify [aidéntəfài] v. ―vt. ① (본인·동일물임을) 확인하다; (사람의 성명·신원, 물건의 명칭·분류·소속 따위를) 인지[판정]하다 ② 『+목+전+명』 (┅와) 동일시하다, 동일한 것으로 간주하다(∼ A with B, ∼ A and B) / torso [tɔ́ːrsou] n.  (pl. ∼s, -si [-siː]) (인체의) 몸통(trunk) / ‡approach [əpróutʃ] n. ① U 가까워짐, 접근(of; to); 가까이함 ② (문제 따위의) 다루는 방법, 접근법, 해결 방법. / †withdrawal [wiðdrɔ́ː-əl, wiɵ-] n. U,C ① 움츠려들임 ② (예금·출자금 등의) 회수. ③ 철수 / ‡expansion [ikspǽnʃən] n. U,C ① 신장 ② 확장 / †contraction [kəntrǽkʃən] n. U ① 수축, 수렴 ② (말이나 글의) 단축 / †refine [rifáin] v. ―vt. ① 세련하다, 품위 있게 하다 / ‡aspect [ǽspekt] n. ① C,U 외관, (사람의) 얼굴 생김새(appearance). ② 정세(phase). [SYN.] ⇨ PHASE / ‡intention [inténʃən] n. ① 목적; 의도(of). [SYN.] ⇨ PURPOSE. / confirm [kənfə́ːrm] vt. ① 확실히 하다, 확증하다. ② 확인하다. / †gauge  vt.  (p., pp. ∼d; gauging) ① 측정하다; 평가[판단]하다. / ‡reflect [riflékt]v. ―vt. ① (빛·소리·열 따위를) 반사하다, 되튀기다. ② (비유) 반영하다, 나타내다. / ‡attitude [ǽtitjùːd] n. ① (사람·물건 등에 대한) 태도, 마음가짐. ② 자세(posture) / subconscious [sʌbkɑ́nʃəs / -kɔ́n-] a., n. U 잠재 의식(의) / interaction [ìntərǽkʃən] n. U,C 상호 작용[영향], 교호(交互) 작용;

In one classic experiment, divers learned lists of words in two environments, on dry land and underwater. They were later asked to recall the words in one of the two environments: either in the original environment in which the words were leaned or in the alternative environment. Lists learned underwater had higher recall underwater, and lists learned on dry land had higher recall on dry land. The experimenters later proved that this effect was one of context-dependent memory and not related to the disruption of moving environments. Some companies have used this effect to their advantage. In The Experience Economy, Pine and Gilmore quote the example of Standard Parking of Chicago, which had a parking garage at O'Hare Airport. To help customers remember on which floor they parked their car, they played a different signature tune at each level of the garage, and decorated the walls with the icons of different local sports franchises, so the Bulls were on one floor and the Blackhawks on another. They quote one local resident saying, 'You never forget where you parked!'

In one classic experiment(한 고전적인 실험에서), divers learned lists of words in two environment(다이버들은 두 서로 다른 환경에서 단어로 된 목록을 배웠다), on dry land and underwater(건조한 땅위에서와 수중에서). They were later asked to recall the words(그들은 그 터득한 단어들을 기억해 보라고 나중에 요청받았다) in one of the two environment(두 다른 환경 중 한 상황에서): either in the original environment(본래의 환경이나) in which the words were learned(단어들을 터득했던) or in the alternative environment(대안이 되는 다른 환경에서). Lists learned underwater(수중에서 터득한 목록들은) had higher recall underwater(수중에서 더 높은 기억을 발휘했다), and lists learned on dry land had higher recall on dry land(그리고 지상에서 터득한 목록들은 지상에서 더 높은 기억력을 발휘했다). The experiments later proved(그 실험은 차후 ~을 증명했다) that this effect was one of context-dependent memory(이런 효과는 배경에 근거한 기억력중 하나였다고) and not related to the disruption of moving environments(변화는 환경의 혼란과 관련이 없는). Some companies(일부 기업들은) have used this effect to their advantage(이런 효과를 자신들의 이점으로 이용하고 있다). In The Experience Economy(경험경제라는 것에서), Pine and Gilmore(파인과 길모어는) Pine and Gilmore(파인과 길모어는), which had a parking garage at O'Hare Airport(오헤어 공항에서 주차장이 있었던). To help customers remember on which floor they parked their car(고객들이 그들이 주차한 차가 몇 층에 있는지를 기억하는데 도움을 주기 위해), they played a different signature tune(그들은 다른 특징의 분위기를 연출했다) at each level of the garage(주차장의 각 층에), and decorated the walls with the icons of different local sports franchises(다른 지역의 스포츠 체인점의 상징마크를 벽에 그려 넣었다), so the Bulls were on one floor(황소는 일 층에) and the Blackhawks on another(블랙호크는 다른 층에 그렸다). They quote one local resident saying(그들은 지역 주민이 ~말하는 것을 인용한다), 'You never forget where you parked(당신의 주차한 곳을 잊을 일 없어요라고)!"

- ‡recall [rikɔ́ːl] vt. ① 『+목+전+명』 (일이 사람에게 의무감 등을) 상기시키다; (마음·주의를 현실 등으로) 되부르다(to) / alternative [ɔːltə́ːrnətiv, æl-] n. ① (보통 the ∼) (둘 중, 때로는 셋 이상에서) 하나를 택할 여지. ② 대안 ③ (pl.) (하나를) 선택해야 할 양자, 양자[삼자] 택일 / †context [kɑ́ntekst / kɔ́n-] n. (글의) 전후 관계, 문맥; (사건 등에 대한) 배경 / †disruption [disrʌ́pʃən] n. U 분열; (특히 국가·제도의) 붕괴, 방해; 환경 파괴(environmental ∼); / ‡effect [ifékt] n. ① C,U 결과(consequence). [SYN.] ⇨ RESULT. / ‡relate [riléit] v. ―vt. ① 관계시키다, 관련시켜서 설명하다(to; with). ② 『+목+전+명』 「수동태」 ┅와 이어져 있다(to).  ③ 이야기하다, 말하다. [SYN.] / ‡signature [sígnətʃəːr] n. ① 서명(하기). ② 징후 / ‡decorate [dékərèit] vt. ① 『∼ +목/ +목+전+명』 꾸미다, 장식하다(with). / ‡quote [kwout] v. ―vt. ① 『∼+목/ +목+전+명』 (남의 말·문장 따위를) 인용하다, 따다 쓰다.

Certain key position in your company may have revolving-door loyalty. Just when you have a treasured employee fully trained, he hits the road. If you see this pattern repeat itself, you may need to redesign the position. UPS found that when they redesigned their drivers' position so that it no longer included the thankless job of loading the trucks, they were able to dramatically increase the length of driver employment. UPS made a strategic decision. They determined that the drivers were the face of the company and that their customers didn't appreciate meeting a new driver every six months. Alternatively, the company figured that the loading jobs were lower-skilled and likely always to be high-turnover jobs. This didn't concern them, because the training period for the loading jobs were much shorter than for the driver jobs and the customer contact was minimal. Sometimes employee retention is just a matter of strategic thinking.

Certain key position in your company may have revolving-door loyalty(당신의 회사에서의 특정한 중요 직책은 자주 바뀌는 충성도를 갖고 있는 것 같다). Just when you have a treasured employee fully trained(당신의 중요한 직원을 완벽히 훈련시켰을 바로 그때), he hits the road(그는 직장을 떠난다). If you see this pattern repeat itself(당신이 이러한 추세가 반복됨을 안다면), you may need to redesign the position(당신은 그 직책에 수정을 가할 필요성을 느낄 것이다). UPS found that(UPS회사는 알아냈다) when they redesigned their drivers' position(그들이 자신들의 운전자들의 직책을 다시 수정했을 때) so that it no longer included the thankless job of loading the trucks(그것(운전 직책)이 더 이상 짐을 실는 달갑지 않은 일을 포함하지 않도록), they were able to dramatically increase the length of driver employment(그들은 운전자의 고용 기간을 상당히 연장할 수 있었다). UPS made a strategic decision(UPS는 전략적 결정을 내렸다). They determined(그들은 결정을 했다) that the drivers were the face of the company(운전자들은 회사의 이미지이고) and that their customers didn't appreciate meeting a new driver every six months(그들 고객들은 6개월 마다 새로운 운전자를 만난는 것을 달갑지 않는다는 것을). Alternatively(대안으로), the company figured(회사는 인식했다) that the loading jobs were lower-skilled(짐을 실는 일은 큰 기술을 요하지 않는다는 것과) and likely always to be high-turnover jobs(늘 이직률이 높다는 것을). This didn't concern them(이것은 큰 관심사는 아니었다), because the training period for the loading jobs were much shorter than for the driver jobs(왜냐하면 짐을 실는 훈련기간은 운전직업 보다 더 짧기 때문이고) and the customer contact was minimal(고객과의 만남의 시간은 길지 않기 때문에). Sometimes employee retention is just a matter of strategic thinking(때때로 직원유지는 단지 전략적인 사고의 문제이다).

- revolving-door loyalty 자주 바뀌는 충성도 / hit the road 직장을 떠난다 / †thankless [ɵǽŋklis] a. ① 감사하지 않는 / turnover [tə́ːrnòuvəːr] n. U,C ① TURN over 회전, 반전, 전복, 재편성. ② 반대쪽으로의 이동, 방향 전환 / retention [riténʃ-ən] n. U ① 보유, 보존; 보류; 유지. ② 기억력 /

Off in the distance General Longstreet picked up a conversation between two men. It was an argument. One man must have found out that the other had some sort of sympathy for the Union Army across the way. He became very angry and very violent, and he said bad things about the Union Army. The other man responded to his friend's comments by explaining that he was not siding with them, and that he would never side with them. He was only making a point that he had three cousins across the field, and he hoped that they were still alive and well. The angry man settled down, apologized, and told his friend that, after all, he and his cousins had chosen their sides of that fight, and that it would be God's way to decide which of them would be able to go home. The Union "sympathizer" held his head low. The other man came over to him, rubbed his head, and told the man, "I sure hope that you are the one going home."

Off in the distance(멀리 떨어져) General Longstreet picked up a conversation between two men(롱스트리트 장군은 두 남자의 얘기를 엿들었다.). It was an argument(그것은 말다툼이었다). One(한 남자는) man must have found out(알아차린게 분명했다) that the other had some sort of sympathy for the Union Army across the way(다른 남자는 길 건너편에 있는 연방(북부)군에게 약간의 동정심을 갖았다). He became very angry(그는 아주 화를 내며) and very violent(아주 폭력적이었다), and he said bad things about the Union Army(그리고 그는 연방군에 관해 험담을 했다). The other man responded to his friend's comments(다른 남자는 그의 친구의 말에 응수했다) by explaining that he was not siding with them(자신은 그들 편은 아니라 설명하면서), and that he would never side with them(그리고 그들 편이 되지도 않을 거라면서). He was only making a point(그는 단지 한가지의 요점을 말하고 있었다) that he had three cousins across the field(그는 전장에 세명의 조카가 있다), and he hoped that they were still alive and well(그는 그들이 아직 살아있고 무사하기를 바랬다). The angry man settled down, apologized(그 화를 낸 남자는 진정하며 사과했다), and told his friend(그리고 친구에게 말했다) that, after all(결국), he and his cousins had chosen their sides of that fight(그와 조카들은 그 전쟁하는 쪽을 선택했다고), and that it would be God's way(신만이 안다고) to decide which of them would be able to go home(그들중 누가 살아서 집으로 갈 것인지는). The Union "sympathizer" held his head low(연방군 동조자는 머리를 떨구었다). The other man came over to him(그 다른 남자는 그의 마음이 이해가되), rubbed his head, and told the man(그의 머리를 쓰다듬으로(미안해 하면서) 말하기를), "I sure hope that you are the one going home(너희들 모두가 살아서 집으로 갈길 바랄께)."

- ‡argument [ɑ́ːrgjəmənt] n. C ① U,C 논의, 논증; 논거; 논법(against; for; in favor of; with; on; over). ② (각본·소설 따위의) 줄거리. / ‡sympathy [símpəɵi] n. U ① U,C 동정, 헤아림; (종종 pl.) 조위(弔慰), [opp] antipathy. / ‡violent [váiələnt] a. ① (자연 현상·사람의 행동·감정 따위가) 격렬한, 맹렬한. [SYN.] ⇨ WILD. ② 극단적인, 비상한, 폭력적인. / ‡apologize [əpɑ́lədʒàiz] vi. ① 『∼/ +전+명』 사죄하다, 사과하다. ② 변명[해명]하다. / ‡rub [rʌb] v. (-bb-)  ―vt. ① 『∼+목/ +목+부/ +목+전+명』 문지르다, 비비다; 마찰하다.

Our delusion that happiness comes from the things that we desire, and that therefore by desiring and acquiring more things we will become more happy, is a vicious circle. Because we desire something, we feel happy when we obtain it, and because we feel happy when we obtain it, we desire more of it. In this way our desires are always continuously increasing and multiplying. The raging fire of our desires can never be extinguished by the objects of our desire. The more we acquire those objects, the more intensely our desire for them and for other such objects will rage. Trying to extinguish the fire of our desires by fulfilling them is like trying to extinguish a fire by pouring petrol upon it. The objects of our desire are the fuel that keeps the fire of our desires burning. The only way we can extinguish this fire of our desires is by knowing the truth that all the happiness that we seem to derive from the objects of our desire do not actually come from those objects but only from within ourself.

Our delusion that happiness comes from the things that we desire(행복은 우리가 바라는 것으로 부터 온다는 것과 ~ 라는 망상은), and that therefore by desiring and acquiring more things(그리하여 더 많은 것을 바라고 얻는 것으로) we will become more happy(우리는 더욱 행복해질 것이다), is a vicious circle(잘못되게 반복된다). Because we desire something(우리는 무언가를 바라기 때문에), we feel happy when we obtain it(우리가 그것을 얻을 때 우린 행복을 느낀다), and because we feel happy when we obtain it(우리가 그것을 얻을 때 행복하기 때문에), we desire more of it(우린 더 많은 그것을 얻기를 바란다). In this way(이와같이) our desires are always continuously increasing and multiplying(우리의 욕망은 늘 계속 증가하며 배가 되고있다). The raging fire of our desires(우리의 욕망의 맹렬한 불꽃은) can never be extinguished by the objects of our desire(결코 우리의 욕망 목적에 의해 꺼질 수가 없다). The more we acquire those objects(우리가 더 많은 그러한 목적을 얻으면 얻을수록), the more intensely our desire for them and for other such objects will rage(그것들과 다른 그러한 것들을 위한 우리의 욕망은 더더욱 맹렬히 타오를 것이다). Trying to extinguish the fire of our desires by fulfilling them(그것들은 채우기 위해 우리의 욕망의 불꾳을 끄고자 노력하는 것은) is like trying to extinguish a fire by pouring petrol upon it(기름을 그 위에 붓고 불을 끄고자하는 것과 다를 봐 없다). The objects of our desire(우리의 욕망의 목표는) are the fuel that keeps the fire of our desires burning(우리의 욕망의 불꽃을 타오르게 하는 연료이다). The only way we can extinguish this fire of our desires(우리가 우리의 욕망의 이런 불꽃을 끌 수 있는 유일한 길은) is by knowing the truth that all the happiness that we seem to derive from the objects of our desire(우리가 우리의 욕망의 목표로 부터 오는 것 같다고 느끼는 모든 행복은  ~라는 진실을 아는 것 이다.) do not actually come from those objects (실제로 그러한 목표에서 오는 것이 아닌) but only from within ourself(단지 우리들 내면에서 온다는 것이).

- †delusion [dilúːʒən] n. ① U 미혹, 기만. ② U,C 망상. / ‡vicious [víʃəs] a. ① 사악한, 악덕한; 타락한. ② 악의 있는, 심술궂은. / raging [réidʒiŋ] a. 격노한; 거칠어지는, 쑤시고 아픈; 터무니없는. / ‡extinguish [ikstíŋgwiʃ] vt. ① (빛·불 따위를) 끄다; (화재를) 소화시키다, 진화하다. ② (희망·정열 따위를) 소멸시키다, 잃게 하다. / ‡object [ɑ́bdʒikt] n. ① 물건, 물체, 사물.  ② (동작·감정 등의) 대상.  ③ 목적, 목표(goal); 동기. [SYN.] ⇨ PURPOSE. /

If we attempt to specify the ways in which human beings are unique and different from other animal species, we must quickly conclude that most, if not all, differences are in degree, not in kind. That is, other animals may possess a particular trait similar to humans, but not to the same extent. For example, if we say that a distinctive characteristic of humankind is language, it is possible to point to communication among dolphins or the sign language learned by apes in certain experiments as simple and basic forms of the same behavior. Or, if we say that social organizations are a human trait, a parallel might be found in the behaviors of bees or ants. We have elaborate rituals connected with death, but elephants have been observed engaging in what might be called a burial ceremony. Music may even have its animal counterpart in whalesong or birdsong - to a degree. However, it is the degree of human involvement in such behaviors as language, social organizations, rituals, and music that separate us from other animals.

If we attempt to specify the ways(만일 우리가 그 방법들을 상세히 기술하고자 한다면) in which human beings are unique and different from other animal species(인간은 유일하고 다른 동물들과 다르다는 점에서), we must quickly conclude that most(우린 빨리 ~결론을 내야만 한다), if not all(전부는 아닐지 몰라도), differences are in degree, not in kind(대부분의 차이점은 본질적인 것이 아닌 정도의 차이이다). That is(다시 말해), other animals may possess a particular trait similar to humans(다른 동물들은 인간과 유사한 특별한 특징을 소유하고 있다), but not to the same extent(그러나 같은 정도는 아닌). For example(예를 들어), if we say that a distinctive characteristic of humankind is language(만일 우리가 인간의 뚜렷한 특징은 언어라 말한다면), it is possible to point to(~지적하는 것은 가능하다) communication among dolphins or the sign language learned by apes in certain experiments(특정한 실험에서 돌고래나 원숭이들이 터득한 신호언어들 사이세 의사소통하는 것을) as simple and basic forms of the same behavior(같은 행동의 단순하고 기본적인 형태로서). Or, if we say that social organizations are a human trait(만일 사회적 조직체는 인간의 특성이다라고 우리가 말한다면), a parallel might be found in the behaviors of bees or ants(꿀벌이나 개미의 행동에서도 동일한 것을 찾을 수 있다). We have elaborate rituals connected with death(우리는 죽음과 정교한 의식을 갖고 있다), but elephants have been observed engaging in what might be called a burial ceremony(그러나 코끼리들은 매장의식이라 불리는 것과 연관되어 관찰되어 왔다). Music may even have its animal counterpart in whalesong or birdsong(음악도 고래나 새들의 노래에서 동물의 같은 점을 갖게 된다) - to a degree(어느 정도). However, it is the degree of human involvement in such behaviors(그러나 ~과 같은 행동은 인간과 관련된 정도이다) as language, social organizations, rituals, and music that separate us from other animals(우리를 다른 동물 구별시키는 언어, 사회적인 조직체, 의식들 그리고 음악).

- †specify [spésəfài] vt. ① 일일이 이름을 들어 말하다 ② 상술하다 ③ 명세서에 기입하다. / in degree 정도의 / in kind 본질적인 / to the same extent 같은 정도 / ‡parallel [pǽrəlèl] n. ① 평행선[면], 평행물. ② 필적하는 것[사람] ③ 비교(comparison). / ‡elaborate [ilǽbərit] a. 공들인, 정교한. / †counterpart [káuntərpɑ̀ːrt] n. ① 짝의 한 쪽. 상대물[인], 대응물[자] / †involvement [invɑ́lvmənt / -vɔ́lv-] n. ① U 연루, 연좌(in). ② 포함. ③ C  어려움; (재정) 곤란.

It is sometimes (A)easy/difficult to get knocked off your target by the other party during a negotiation. It therefore pays to carry your goals with you and, if you feel yourself getting swept away, take a break and review them before going forward. The point is not to lose sight of your goals in the confusion of a actual negotiation. Barry Diller, the successful television executive and entrepreneur, learned his lesson the hard way when he got caught up in bidding for the rights to the first television showing of the movie The Poseidon Adventure in the early 1970s. Representing ABC, Diller ended up bidding $3.3 million - by far the highest amount ever paid for such a property at the time - and (B)losing/making money for his network. The reason Diller paid so much? He agreed to participate in the first open-bid auction for TV rights to a movie. In the frantic bidding that followed. he (C)forgot/remembered about his primary goal - making a profit - and got caught up in what one CBS executive who bid against him called the "fever" of winning a competition.

It is sometimes (A)easy/difficult(때때로 쉽다/어렵다) to get knocked off your target(당신의 목표가 중단되는 것은) by the other party during a negotiation(협상 중에 상대에 의해). It therefore pays to carry your goals with you(그러므로 그것이 당신의 목표를 진행하는데 어려움을 준다) and, if you feel yourself getting swept away(만일 당신이 이끌려 간다고 느낀다면), take a break and review them(잠시 멈춰서 그것(목표)들을 검토하라) before going forward(진척시키기 전에). The point is not to lose sight of your goals(그 핵심은 당신의 목표 잃는 것은 아니다) in the confusion of a actual negotiation(실제 협상의 혼돈 속에서). Barry Diller, the successful television executive and entrepreneur(성공한 텔레비젼 방송국의 중역이자 사업가인 바리 딜러는), learned his lesson the hard way(힘들게 자신의 교훈을 터득했다) when he got caught up in bidding for the rights(그가 ~권리 입찰에서 몰두했을 때) to the first television showing of the movie The Poseidon Adventure in the early 1970s(1970년대 초에 첫 텔레비젼에 방영될 영화인 'The Poseidon Adventure'). Representing ABC, Diller ended up bidding $3.3 million(ABC방송국을 대표하는 딜러는 결국 33억 달러 입찰로 끝을 냈다) - by far the highest amount ever paid for such a property at the time(지금까지 당시로서는 그러한 자산에 투자된 적이 없는 가장 높은 액수) - and (B)losing/making money for his network(자신의 방송국의 돈을 잃게 되는/벌게 되는). The reason Diller paid so much?(딜러가 그러한 천문학적인 돈을 투자한 이유는?) He agreed to participate in the first open-bid auction for TV rights to a movie(그는 영화방영권을 위한 첫번째 공개 경매에 참여하기로 했다). In the frantic bidding that followed(뒤따르는 광적인 입찰 속에서). he (C)forgot/remembered about his primary goal(그는 자신의 일차적인 목표를 잃었다/기억했다) - making a profit(수익을 내는 것) - and got caught up(몰두했다) in what one CBS executive who bid against him called the "fever" of winning a competition(자신과 경쟁하는 한 CBS 방송국 임원이 경재에서 이기고자하는 열병이라 칭한).

- ♣knock off (―vt.) (1) 두드려 떨어버리다. (2) (구어) (일을) 그만하다, 중단하다. / pay to carry 수행하는 어려움을 격다. / ♣sweep away ⑴ 일소하다, 휩쓸어 가다. ⑵ 멀리 퍼지다. get swept away 이끌려 가다 / †frantic [frǽntik] a. 미친 듯 날뛰는, 광란의; 필사적인; / †bidding [bídiŋ] n. U 명령; 입찰; 입후보; 초대. / ‡primary [práimeri, -məri] a. ① 첫째의, 제1의, 수위의, 주요한. [cf.] secondary. ② 최초의, 처음의, 본래의. /

A basis of influence with special relevance to personal relationships and groups is referent power. This exists when we admire or identify with a person or group and want to be like them. In such cases, we may ①voluntarily copy their behavior or do what they ask because we want to become similar to them. In everyday life we may not think of ②identification as a type of influence, but it can be very effective. A young child who looks up to an older brother, tries to ③avoid his mannerisms, and adopts his interest is one illusion. A young man who drinks a particular brand of beer because he identifies with the "macho" image of the sportsmen promoting the product in TV commercials is also being ④influenced by referent power. Recently, Raven has discussed the possibility of "negative referent power," which occurs when we want to ⑤separate ourselves from a disliked or unappealing person or group. To avoid being identified with the unattractive other, we may deliberately avoid copying their behavior.                             * referent power 준거적 권력 ** macho남성적

A basis of influence(~영향력의 기본을) with special relevance to personal relationships and groups(개인적 관계와 집단과의 특별환 관계를 갖는) is referent power(준거적 권력이라 한다). This exists(이것은 발생한다) when we admire or identify with a person or group(우리가 어떠 사람이나 집단에 감동하거나 동일시하고) and want to be like them(그들과 같이 되고 싶어할 때). In such cases(그러한 경우에), we may ①voluntarily copy their behavior(우리는 그들의 행동을 자발적을 흉내 내거나) or do what they ask(그들이 요구하는 것을 할 것 같다) because we want to become similar to them(우리는 그들과 비슷하게 되기를 원하기 때문이다). In everyday life(일상에서) we may not think of ②identification(우리는 동일한 것을 생각지 않는다) as a type of influence(영향을 끼치는 형태로서), but it can be very effective(그러나 그것은 아주 효과를 끼친다). A young child who looks up to an older brother(자기의 형을 우러러보는 어린 동생은), tries to ③avoid his mannerisms(그의 버릇을 피하려고 한다), and adopts his interest is one illusion(그리하여 그의 관심은 한 환상이라는 것을 받아들인다). A young man who drinks a particular brand of beer(특별한 맥주 제품을 마시는 한 젊은이는) because he identifies with the "macho" image of the sportsmen(그가 ~ 운동선수의 강인한 이미지와 동일시하기 때문에) promoting the product in TV commercials(TV광고의 제품을 홍보하고 있는) is also being ④influenced by referent power(또한 준거적 권력에 의해 영향을 받고 있는 것이다). Recently(최근에), Raven has discussed the possibility of "negative referent power,"(레이번은 부정적인 준거적 권력의 가능성을 주장했다) which occurs(발생하는) when we want to ⑤separate ourselves from a disliked or unappealing person or group(우리가 우리 자신을 싫어하거나 협오하는 사람이나 집단으로 분리시키고 싶어할 때). To avoid being identified with the unattractive other(매력적이지 않은 다른 사람과의 동일시되는 것을 피하기 위해), we may deliberately avoid copying their behavior(우리는 그들의 행동을 모방하는 것을 고의적으로 피하는 것 같다).

* referent power 준거적 권력 ** macho남성적

- relevance, ─cy [réləvəns], [-si] n. U ① 관련; 적당, 적절(성). / ‡admire [ædmáiər, əd-] v. ① ┅에 감복[찬탄]하다, 칭찬하다, 사모하다. [SYN.] ⇨ REGARD. / ‡identify [aidéntəfài] v. ―vt. ① 『∼+목 / +목+as 보』 (본인·동일물임을) 확인하다; (사람의 성명·신원, 물건의 명칭·분류·소속 따위를) 인지[판정]하다; 동일한 것으로 간주하다(∼ A with B, ∼ A and B); (┅와) 제휴시키다; (┅에) 관계[공명]하게 하다(with); / mannerism [mǽnərìz-əm] n. 매너리즘(특히 문학·예술의 표현 수단이 틀에 박힌 것); 버릇(태도·언행 따위의). / ‡adopt [ədɑ́p] vt. ① 『∼+목 / +목+as 보 / +목+전+명』 양자[양녀]로 삼다 ② (의견·방침·조처 따위를) 채용[채택]하다, 골라잡다. / ‡illusion [ilúːʒən] U,C ① 환영(幻影), 환각. ② 〖심리학〗 착각; C 환상, 망상

Before developing invention designs, inventors likely first identify the intended function of the invention. When the inventor then generates initial invention designs, he often (A)constrains/disregards the form of the invention through implicit analogies to components of nature or existing products whose function matches or approximates that of the intended invention. For example, early airplane inventors frequently (B)imitated/eliminated the form of animals capable of flight, modeling their flying craft after albatrosses, bats, and various insects such as beetles. Similarly, architects have made structural innovations through analogies to our actions toward objects and to the forces, tensions, and interactions within our skeletomuscular system. Such analogies seem a (C)plausible/groundless basis for invention in the mechanical realm as well. For example, joysticks, such as those found on many video games, may well have evolved through an analogy to human ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder joint.                                    * skeletomuscular system 근․골격계 ** ball-and-socket joint 구관절

Before developing invention designs(발명 디자인을 개발하기 전), inventors likely first identify the intended function of the invention(발명가들은 그 발명품의 의도된 기능을 우선 확인하는 것 같다). When the inventor then generates initial invention designs(그리고 나서 그 발명가가 초기 발명 디자인을 만들 때), he often (A)constrains/disregards the form of the invention(그는 그 발명품의 형태를 종종 고집을 부린다/무시한다) through implicit analogies to components of nature or existing products(자연의 요소나 존재하는 제품의 ~ 암시적 유사성을 통해) whose function matches or approximates that of the intended invention(그 기능이 의도된 발명품의 것과 어울리거나 근접하는). For example(예를 들어), early airplane inventors frequently (B)imitated/eliminated the form of animals capable of flight(초기 비행기 발명가들은 비행 능력이 있는 동물의 형태를 종종 모방하였다/줄였다), modeling their flying craft after albatrosses, bats, and various insects such as beetles(신천옹, 박쥐 그리고 풍뎅이와 같은 다양한 곤충들을 닮은 그들의 비행체 설계했다). Similarly(이와 유사하게), architects have made structural innovations(건축가들은 구조적인 혁신을 이루웠다) through analogies to our actions toward objects(물체에 대한 우리의 행동과 유사하고) and to the forces, tensions, and interactions within our skeletomuscular system(우리의 근골격계 내에서 힘, 긴장 그리고 상호반응과 유한 것을 통하여). Such analogies seem a (C)plausible/groundless basis for invention(그러한 유사성은 발명을 위한 그럴듯한/근거없는 기초인 것 같다) in the mechanical realm as well(또한 기계적인 분야에서). For example(예를 들어), joysticks, such as those found on many video games(많은 비디오 게임에서 발견되어진 것과 같은 조이스틱은), may well have evolved(발전되어지고 있는 것 같다) through an analogy to human ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder joint(어깨관절과 같은 인간의 구관절과 유사한 것으로).

* skeletomuscular system 근․골격계 ** ball-and-socket joint구관절 

- ‡identify [aidéntəfài] v. ―vt. ① 『∼+목 / +목+as 보』 (본인·동일물임을) 확인하다; (사람의 성명·신원, 물건의 명칭·분류·소속 따위를) 인지[판정]하다; ┅의 신원을 밝히다; 감정하다. / ‡constrain [kənstréin] vt. ① 『∼ +목/ +목+to do』 강제하다, 강요하다, 무리하게 ┅시키다(to). / †implicit [implísit] a. ① 은연중의, 함축적인, 암시적인, 암묵의. [opp.] explicit. 내재[잠재]하는(potential)(in).  / ‡analogy [ənǽlədʒi] n. ① C,U 유사, 비슷함, 닮음(between; to; with). / †approximate [əprɑ́ksəmèit / -rɔ́k-] v. ―vi. 『+전+명』 (위치·성질·수량 등이) ┅에 가까워지다. ―vt. ① (수량 따위가) ┅에 가까워지다[가깝다]; ┅와 비슷하다. / ⁂model [mɑ́d]v. ―vt. ① 『∼+목/ +목+전+명』 ┅의 모양[모형]을 만들다; ② 설계하다. ③ ┅의 모형을 만들다. ④ (┅을) 따라 만들다, 본뜨다(after; on, upon)./ ‡imitate [ímitèit] vt. ① 모방하다, 흉내내다; 따르다, 본받다. ② 모조[위조]하다. / albatross [ǽlbətrɔ̀(ː)s / -trɑ̀s] n. 골칫거리, 걱정거리, 제약. / †tension [ténʃ-ən] n. U ① 팽팽함; 켕김, 긴장; 신장(伸長). ② (정신적인) 긴장, 흥분; 노력. / †plausible [plɔ́ːzəbəl] a. ① (이유·구실 따위가) 그럴듯한, 정말 같은. ② 그럴 듯한 말을 하는, 말 재주가 좋은. / ‡realm [relm] n. ① 범위, 영역; (학문의) 부문. / †evolve [ivɑ́lv / ivɔ́lv] v. ―vt. ① 발전시키다; 전개하다; 진화[발달]시키다.

The Massachusetts-based company Advanced Cell Technology is planning to clone certain dead creatures to bring them back to life. There's talk of trying to bring back the Tasmanian tiger, a wolflike animal that lost its last grip on survival in the 1930s. Even the prehistoric mammoth is being considered for a possible comeback. It's a fascinating scientific gimmick, a perfect example of doing something because we can. We should leave it at that. But we won't. There's excited talk of cloning and genetic engineering offering a marvelous boost to wildlife conservation, a high-tech solution to our tendency to drive plant and animal species to extinction. This is nonsense, for the cloning of endangered species completely contradicts the spirit and practice of conservation. Conservation isn't just about saving a particular species; it's about reducing our destructive impact on natural systems that are in increasing danger of being unable to sustain themselves.

The Massachusetts-based company Advanced Cell Technology(매사츄세츠에 본사를 둔 Advanced Cell Technology는 ) is planning to clone certain dead creatures(어떤 죽은 생명체를 복제할 계획이다) to bring them back to life(그들을 다시 살려내는). There's talk of trying to bring back the Tasmanian tiger, a wolflike animal(늑대와 같은 동물인 태스매니언 호랑이를 되 살리고자하는 노력의 이야기가 있다) that lost its last grip on survival in the 1930s(1930년대애 마지막 생존력을 잃어 버린(사라진)). Even the prehistoric mammoth is being considered for a possible comeback(선사시대 매머드 조차도 가능성 있는 복귀로 고려되어지고 있다). It's a fascinating scientific gimmick(그것은 호기심을 자극하는 과학적 비법이다), a perfect example of doing something because we can(우리가 할 수 있는 무언가를 하는 완벽한 예). We should leave it at that(우리른 그것을 지켜보아야만 한다). But we won't(그렇지는 않다). There's excited talk(과열된 이야기가 있다) of cloning and genetic engineering offering a marvelous boost to wildlife conservation(야생동물 보존 엄청안 후원을 하는 유전자복제와 유전자 공학에 관한), a high-tech solution to our tendency to drive plant and animal species to extinction(식물과 동물종들을 멸종으로 몰아 넣는 우리의 경향에 대한 고도의 기술). This is nonsense(이것은 쓸모없는 일이다), for the cloning of endangered species(왜냐하면 멸종위기의 종의 복제는) completely contradicts(완전한 모순이다) the spirit and practice of conservation(보존 정신과 관행에). Conservation isn't just about saving a particular species(보존이란 특별한 종을 단지 보존하는 것은 아니다); it's about reducing our destructive impact on natural systems(그것은 자연적 체계에 대한 우리의 파괴적인 충격을 줄이는 것이다) that are in increasing danger of being unable to sustain themselves(그들 스스로 유지할 수 없는 증가하는 위험에 처했을 때).

- clon(e) [kloun] vt., vi. 〖생물〗 무성 생식을 하다[시키다]; 꼭 닮게 만들다.♣lose one's grip 능력이[열의가] 없어지다, 통제력을 잃다. / gimmick [gímik] n. 「일반적」 장치, 고안; 새 고안물; 마약 주사를 위한 기구. ㉺gimmicky ―a. (구어) 속임수가 있는; 겉만 번드르르한. / ‡marvelous [mɑ́ːrv-ələs] a. ① 불가사의한, 이상한, 놀라운. [SYN.] ⇨ WONDER. ② 기적적인, 믿기 어려운(improbable). / offer A to B : A에게 B를 제공하다 / ‡tendency [téndənsi] n. ① 경향, 풍조, 추세(to; towards; to do). ② 성향(to; toward; to do). / †contradict [kɑ̀ntrədíkt / kɔ̀n-] v. ―vt. ① (진술·보도 따위를) 부정[부인]하다, 반박하다; ② ┅와 모순되다. / conservation [kɑ̀nsəːrvéiʃən / kɔ̀n-] n. U (자연·자원의) 보호, 관리; 보존, 유지. / impact [ímpækt] n. U,C 충돌(collusion); 충격, 영향(력)(on, upon; against). / sustain [səstéin] vt. ① (아래서) 떠받치다. ② 유지하다, 계속하다. ③ 부양하다, 양육하다, 기르다. ④ (손해 따위를) 받다, 입다.

At the Christmas season I'd expected a modest office party, dinners with Jack's clients, maybe a simple reception at Matt and Claire's, but none of those happened. Instead Jack brought home extravagantly wrapped presents and a tree that had to be topped in order to fit under the high ceiling of our living room. When I asked what he wanted me to fix for our holiday dinner, he said he'd arranged to have it catered - hors d'oeuvres, standing-rib roast, horseradish sauce, Yorkshire pudding, assorted vegetables, everything down to the plum pudding, which I had never imagined. And champagne and expensive wines, of course. He'd invited Matt and Claire, and selected appropriate presents for them. A design firm was coming to trim the tree. Meanwhile, I found myself rather discouraged by his preparation and mourning the loss of our previous simple Christmas in Los Angeles.

At the Christmas season(크리스마스 휴가 동안) I'd expected a modest office party(나는 검소한 사무실 파티를 기대했었다), dinners with Jack's clients(잭의 고개들과 저녁식사를 ), maybe a simple reception at Matt and Claire's(아마 Matt and Claire's에서의 간단한 만찬), but none of those happened(그러나 그러한 아무일도 일어나지 않았다). Instead Jack brought home extravagantly wrapped presents(대신 잭은 값비싼게 포장된 선물들 ~ 을 집으로 가져왔다) and a tree that had to be topped in order to fit under the high ceiling of our living room(우리의 거실에 높은 천장에 맞도록 가지를 쳐야만하는 나무와). When I asked what he wanted me to fix for our holiday dinner(내가 그에게 우리의 휴가 저녁 메뉴를 무엇으로 할까 물어봤을 때), he said he'd arranged to have it catered(그는 음식제공업체에 주문했다고 말했다) - hors d'oeuvres, standing-rib roast, horseradish sauce(hors d'oeuvres와 늘 나오는 갈비구이, 양고추냉이 소스), Yorkshire pudding(Yorkshire 푸딩), assorted vegetables(다채로운 야채들), everything down to the plum pudding(모든 것이 자두 푸팅에 아래 놓여), which I had never imagined(내가 상상해 본적이 없는). And champagne and expensive wines, of course(그리고 샴페인과 비싼 포도주도 물론). He'd invited Matt and Claire(그는 Matt와 Claire도 초대했었다), and selected appropriate presents for them(그리고 그들을 위한 적당한 선물도 선택했다). A design firm was coming to trim the tree(한 디자인 회사가 나무가지를 치기위해 올 예정이었다). Meanwhile(그러는 동안에), I found myself rather discouraged by his preparation(나는 그의 (거창한)준비에 오히려 낙심했다) and mourning the loss of our previous simple Christmas in Los Angeles(로스앤젤레스에서의 우리의 이전 소박한 크리스마스가 아닌것이 슬펐다).

- ‡modest [mɑ́dist / mɔ́d-]a. ① 겸손한, 얌전한, 온당한. / †extravagant [ikstrǽvəgənt] a. 돈을 함부로 쓰는, 낭비벽이 있는. / top (식물 따위의) 꼭대기를 자르다, 순을 치다. / cater [kéitər] v. ―vi. 『+전+명』 ① 음식물을 조달[장만]하다(for). ② 영합하다(to; for). / standing 고정된, 일시적이 아닌, 정해진(주문 따위); 일정한, 늘 나오는(요리) / ‡mourn [mɔːrn] v. ―vi. 『+전+명』 ① 슬퍼하다, 한탄하다(for; over). / horseradish [-́ræ̀diʃ] n. 식물〗 양고추냉이. / †assorted [əsɔ́ːrtid] a. 유별한, 여러 종류로 된, 다채로운, 조화를 이룬.

“The greatest room for music and opera in the world - bar none" was Frank Lloyd Wright's assessment of the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University. Designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler in 1886, the Auditorium remains one of the most acoustically perfect theatres of the era. Located inside the Auditorium Building with a hotel and restaurant, the Auditorium Theatre survived the decades partly because it would have been too expensive to demolish. A move to destroy it failed in 1923, but another setback came in 1929 when the Chicago Opera Company found a newer home. The theatre closed in 1941, then reopened as a recreation center for soldiers during World War II, with a bowling alley installed on the stage. Roosevelt College (later Roosevelt University) acquired the Auditorium Building in 1946 and used the hotel floors for classes and offices while the theatre stood empty. In the 1960s, Beatrice T. Spachner led a drive to restore the Auditorium Theatre. It reopened in 1967, yet restoration work continued for two decades.                * bar none : 단연코, 예외 없이

“The greatest room for music and opera in the world - bar none(단연코, 세계에서 음악과 오페라 공연을 위한 가장 큰 곳은)" was Frank Lloyd Wright's assessment of the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University(프랭크 로이드 라이트가 평가한 루즈벨트 대학의 대강당이다). Designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler in 1886(1886년에 루이스 설리번과 댄크마르 아드러에의해 설계된), the Auditorium remains one of the most acoustically perfect theatres of the era(그 시대의 가장 음향적으로 완벽한 공연장 중 하나로 남아 있다.). Located inside the Auditorium Building with a hotel and restaurant(그 공연장 내부에 호텔과 식당을 갖춘 ), the Auditorium Theatre survived the decades(그 공연장은 수 십변을 버텨왔다) partly because it would have been too expensive to demolish(철거하는데 드는 엄청한 비용 부분적인 이유인 것 같다). A move to destroy it failed in 1923(1923년에 철거할 움직임이 중단되었다), but another setback came in 1929(그러나 1929년 또다른 차질이 빗어졌다) when the Chicago Opera Company found a newer home(시카고 오페라 회사가 더욱 새로운 공연장을 찾았을 때). The theatre closed in 1941(그 공연장은 1941년에 폐쇄되었다), then reopened as a recreation center for soldiers during World War II(그리고 나서 2차 세계대전 당시 군인들을 위한 오락장소로 다시 문을 열었다), with a bowling alley installed on the stage(무대 위헤 설치대 볼링대를 포함하여). Roosevelt College (later Roosevelt University) acquired the Auditorium Building in 1946(루즈벨트 전문대학이(이후 루즈벨트 대학) 1946년에 그 공연장을 인수했고) and used the hotel floors for classes and offices(교실과 사무실로 그 호텔층을 사용했다) while the theatre stood empty(공연장은 여전히 비워둔 채로). In the 1960s, Beatrice T. Spachner led a drive to restore the Auditorium Theatre(1960년대에 비트리스  T. 스패츠너는 그 공연장을 복원하는 운동을 벌였다). It reopened in 1967(1967년에 다시 문을 열었다), yet restoration work continued for two decades(그러나 복원공사는 20년 동안 지속되었다).

* bar none : 단연코, 예외 없이

- †assessment [əsésmənt] n. U ① (과세를 위한) 사정, 평가; 부과; C 세액, 평가액, 사정액 / acoustic, -tical [əkúːstik], [-əl] a. 음향(학)상의. / †demolish [dimɑ́liʃ / -mɔ́l-] vt. ① 부수다, 폭파[분쇄]하다; (계획·제도·지론 따위를) 뒤엎다. / setback [sétbæ̀k] n. ① 방해; 좌절, 차질. ② 역류, 역수(逆水). / alley [ǽli] n. ① 【미국】 뒷골목(back-lane); (정원·숲 속 등의) 오솔길(shady walk) ⇨ ROAD

The Katsura Palace is located near the Katsura River, to the southwest of the imperial city of Kyoto in Japan. The palace and gardens provided a place for the Imperial family in the cultural ear of the late 16th century. The main palace is an open, timber-framed construction with simple tatami (rice-straw) matted rooms and elevated verandas from which to contemplate the changing seasons. The garden arbors and pavilions surrounding the main palace are approached from a sequence of carefully staged routes. The buildings have an understated simplicity, and the landscape has been subtly manipulated to blur the distinction between artificial and natural environments. Artificial objects, such as fences and paving stones, have been subjected to the forces of nature, such as weathering, while natural features have been clipped, aligned and polished to emphasize their eccentricity and "unnaturalness." The effect is discreet and fascinating, contributing to a heightened aesthetic awareness of the architecture and the landscape.                                                 * arbor 정자

The Katsura Palace is located near the Katsura River(카트수마 궁전은 카트수마 강 근처에 위치해 있다), to the southwest of the imperial city of Kyoto in Japan(일본 교토의 군국도시의 남서쪽 방향에). The palace and gardens provided a place for the Imperial family(그 궁전과 정원들은 제국 황실의 거쳐를 제공했다) in the cultural ear of the late 16th century(16세기 후반 문화시대에). The main palace is an open, timber-framed construction(그 궁전의 중심부는 개방된 통나무틀의 구조이다) with simple tatami (rice-straw) matted rooms(소박한 타태미(짚)으로 역은 돗자리가 있는 방과) and elevated verandas(그리고 베란다를 갖춘) from which to contemplate the changing seasons(그곳으로 부터 계절을 변화를 느낄 수 있도록). The garden arbors and pavilions surrounding the main palace(궁전 중시부를 둘러쌓고 있는 정원 정자와 누각은) are approached from a sequence of carefully staged routes(연속된 세심하게 계획된 오솔길로 부터 접근 가능하다). The buildings have an understated simplicity(그 건물은 겸손한 단숨함을 갖고 있고), and the landscape has been subtly manipulated(배경은 섬세하고 처리되었다) to blur the distinction between artificial and natural environments(인공적이고 자연적인 환경 차이를 줄이고자). Artificial objects, such as fences and paving stones(울타리와 보도와 같은 인위적인 물체들은), have been subjected to the forces of nature, such as weathering(풍화작용), while natural features have been clipped, aligned and polished(반면 자연적 특징은 다듬어지고 정렬되고 윤기가 흐리게 되어졌다) to emphasize their eccentricity and "unnaturalness."(그것들의 괴상함과 비자연적인 것을 강조하기 위해서) The effect is discreet and fascinating(그 효과는 은근하고 환상적이어서), contributing to a heightened aesthetic awareness of the architecture and the landscape(그 건축물과 배경의 고조된 심미안적인 인식에 기여하고 있다). * arbor 정자

- ‡imperial [impíəriəl] a. ① 제국(帝國)의 ② 황제(皇帝)[황후]의, 제위(帝位)의(sovereign), 지상(至上)의 (supreme). / ‡contemplate [kɑ́ntəmplèit] v. ―vt. ① 관찰하다. ② 심사 숙고하다 / ‡pavilion [pəvíljən] n. (공원·정원의) 누각, 정자; (본관에서 내단) 별관 / ‡stage [steidʒ] v. ―vt. ① 무대에 올리다, 상연하다. ③ (파업·정치 운동·군사 작전 등을) 계획하다, 해내다, 행하다. / ‡sequence [síːkwəns] n. ① U 연달아 일어남, 속발. ② U 연속, 계속. [SYN.] ⇨ SERIES. ③ U 전후 관련. / understate [ʌ̀ndərstéit] vt. 삼가서 말하다, (수 따위를) 적게 말하다. / †manipulate [mənípjəlèit]v. ―vt. ① (사람·여론 등을) (부정하게) 조종하다. ② (문제를) 솜씨있게 처리하다. / subtly 은은하게, 섬세하게 / †blur [bləːr] v.  (-rr-) ―vi. ① (눈·시력·시야·경치가) 희미해지다, 부예지다. / ⁂subject [səbdʒékt] vt. 『+목+전+명』 ① 복종[종속]시키다 (to). ② (좋지 않은 일을) 당하게[받게] 하다, 입히다(to) / ⁂weather [wéðəːr] v. ―vt. ① 비바람에 맞히다;. ② 「과거분사」 (외기에 쐬어) 풍화[탈색]시키다. / †eccentricity [èksentrísəti] n. U ① (복장·행동 따위의) 엉뚱함; C 기행(奇行), 기이한 버릇. / †discreet [diskríːt] a. 생각이 깊은; 신중한 [SYN.] ⇨ CAREFUL. /

The use of motion in movie composition can be positive. For example, movement along a definite line can tend to carry the audience's eye with it or even ahead of it, acting as a sort of _____________. Imagine a New England landscape nicely framed in foreground foliage, with a white ribbon of road curving across the picture and leading toward a village. Ordinarily, the white line of the road itself would probably be the strongest factor in the composition. But suppose we have a car driver along the road in the direction of the village. The movement will tend strongly to send the audience's eyes racing along the road ahead of the car to focus on the village, logically setting the mental stage for following scenes made in the village itself. This, by the way is true even if you only show the car moving along the road., without taking the time to have it completely cross the frame and reach the village in that one shot.

The use of motion in movie composition can be positive(영화구성에서 움직임 활용은 긍정적인 것 같다). For example(예들 들어), movement along a definite line(분명한 직선을 따른 이동은) can tend to carry the audience's eye with it(시청자의 눈이 그것에 따라가게 하거나) or even ahead of it(그것에 미리 앞서 가게 할 수있다), acting as a sort of(일종의 ~로서 ) _____________. Imagine a New England landscape nicely framed in foreground foliage(나뭇잎 전경의 멋진 영상의 뉴잉글랜드 풍경을 상상해 보아라), with a white ribbon of road(~ 도로의 흰색 리본 같은 길이 있는) curving across the picture and leading toward a village(그림을 가로지는 굴곡지고 마을로 뻗어 있는). Ordinarily(보통), the white line of the road itself(도로 그 자체의 흰색선은) would probably be the strongest factor in the composition(아마도 그 구성에서 가장 강력한 요소일 것이다). But suppose we have a car driver along the road in the direction of the village(그러나 우리가 마을 방향으로 나있는 도로를 따를 운전하는 운전자를 보고 있다고 가정해 보자). The movement will tend strongly to send the audience's eyes(그 움직임은 시청자의 시선을 ~하도록 강렬하게 보낼 것이다) racing along the road ahead of the car to focus on the village(마을에 초점을 맞추기 위해 그 자동차에 앞서 도로를 달리게), logically setting the mental stage for following scenes made in the village itself(마을 그 자체에 만들어진 다음 장면을 위한 정신적 무대를 논리적으로 설정한다). This, by the way is true(어쨋든 이것는 사실이다) even if you only show the car moving along the road(비록 당신이 도로를 따라 이동하는 자동차만 볼지라도), without taking the time(시간적 여유도 없이도) to have it completely cross the frame(그 자동차가 완전히 그 영상을 가로질러 가게 할 ) and reach the village in that one shot(그리고 그 한 화면에서의 마을에 도달할).

- ‡definite [défənit] a. ① (윤곽·한계가) 뚜렷한. ② (태도 따위가) 명확한. [opp] indefinite. / †foliage [fóuliidʒ] n. ① 「집합적」 잎; 잎의 무성함, 군엽(群葉). / ‡composition [kɑ̀mpəzíʃən / kɔ̀m-] n. ① U 구성, 성분. ② U (타고난) 기질, 성질, 배합(arrangement). / ⁂suppose [səpóuz] v. ―vt. ① 『∼+목/ +(that)절』 가정하다(assume), 상상하다. 생각하다. [SYN.] ⇨ THINK. / †logical [lɑ́dʒikəl / lɔ́dʒ-] a. 논리적인; (논리상) 필연의; 논리(학)상의; 분석적인 / ‡complete [kəmplíːt] a. ① 완전한, 완벽한; 흠잡을 데 없는, 완비된. ② 전부의, 전부 갖춘(with)

Physicians are too rarely aware of their patients' need for _____________, so they often don't know how to account for dramatic improvements in their patients' conditions. Recently, I received a letter from a doctor telling me that a woman with extensive breast cancer, whom we had both cared for, had returned to his office five months after he had sent her to a nursing home - and that he had "never seen her looking so well!" No further comment by the doctor was made. I told the medical student who was walking with me to call the woman and find out her story, because I was sure there would be one. The woman told the student that when she got to the nursing home, she found conditions there so unbearable and depressing that she led a revolution among the other "inmates" to insist that they receive better treatment. She spent time talking with the staff about the tenderness and love the patients needed, and she transformed the place. Then she felt so good that she went home and bought herself a new car!

Physicians are too rarely aware of their patients' need for _____________(내과의사들은 ~한 그들 환자의 필요성을 거의 인식하지 못하고 있다), so they often don't know how to account(그래서 그들은 ~관해 설명할 방법을 종종 모른다) for dramatic improvements in their patients' conditions(그들 환자들의 상태가 아주 호전되는 것). Recently(최근에), I received a letter from a doctor telling me(나는 나에게 ~것에 관한 얘기를 하는 한통의 편지를 받았다) that a woman with extensive breast cancer(몸전체로 전이된 유방암 여성 환자), whom we had both cared for(우리 둘다 치료한적 있는), had returned to his office(그의 사무실로 찾아온적이 있었다는) five months after he had sent her to a nursing home(그가 그녀를 요양원으로 보낸 후 5개월이 지나) - and that he had "never seen her looking so well!"(그리고 그는 그녀가 그렇게 회복되리라고는 기대한적이 없었다는) No further comment by the doctor was made(그 의사에 의한 더 이상의 자세한 설명은 없었다). I told the medical student who was walking with me(나는 나와 함께 걷고 있었던 의과학생에게 ~하라고 말했다) to call the woman and find out her story(그녀에게 전화를 해서 그녀의 상황을 알아보라고), because I was sure there would be one(나는 분명 무언가가 있을 것이라 확신했기 때문이다). The woman told the student(그 여자는 그 학생에게 ~라 말했다) that when she got to the nursing home(그녀가 요양원에 도착했을 때), she found conditions there so unbearable and depressing(그녀는 자사의 상태가 너무가 참을 수 없고 우울해서) that she led a revolution among the other "inmates" to insist(그녀는 다른 입원자들 사이에 ~을 주장하는 혁명을 이끌었다) that they receive better treatment(그들은 더 좋은 치료를 받아야만 한다는 것). She spent time talking with the staff about the tenderness and love the patients needed(그녀는 환자들이 필요한 애정과 사랑에 관해 직원들과 얘기를 나누며 시간을 보냈다), and she transformed the place(그리하여 그녀는 그곳을 바꾸워 놓았다). Then she felt so good that she went home and bought herself a new car(그리고 나서 그녀는 너무 호전이 된 기분이 들어 집으로 가 새차를 구입했다고)!

- too rarely 너무나 ~ 않는 / account for ~설명하다 / so unbearable and depressing that ..... : 너무 ~해서 .....한 / ‡improvement [imprúːvmənt] n. ① U,C 개량, 개선(in). ② C 개량한 곳, 개선점; 개량[개선]한 것. /  †unbearable [ʌnbɛ́ərəbəl] a. 참을 수 없는, 견딜 수 없는. / depressing [diprésiŋ] a. 침울한. / ‡revolution [rèvəlúːʃ-ən] n. ① C 혁명; 변혁; ② U,C 회전(운동), 1회전. / ‡insist [insíst] vi., vt. ∼+전+명 / +that절』 ① 우기다 (maintain), 단언하다; 역설[강조]하다(on, upon). ② 강요하다; 조르다(on, upon). / †inmate [ínmèit] n. ① (병원·교도소 따위의) 입원자, 재감자(在監者), 피수용자. / ‡transform [trænsfɔ́ːrm] vt. ―vt. 『∼+목/ +목+전+명』 ① (외형) 변형시키다(into).

As video became part of the day-to-day production and promotion of popular music during the 1980s, the initial response of many performers, fans and commentators was to argue that it was trivializing music. The construction of an image had become more important than the production of sound and the ability of the listener to imagine their own images had been colonized and replaced by the promotional mechanism of the industry. Many writers were quick to take issue with such an argument by pointing out that for centuries music ________________. Sean Cubitt and Jody Berland both argued that the sounds and visuals of musical performance had actually become temporarily separated with the introduction of the technologies of the gramophone, radio, photography and silent film. But even then the visual had not disappeared completely. As Andrew Goodwin has pointed out, the 'image' was signified in the surrounding texts of popular music, such as album sleeves, newspapers and magazine articles, publicity photographs and descriptions of performers given on radio and even by the stereo 'positioning' of instruments.

As video became part of the day-to-day production and promotion of popular music during the 1980s(비디오가 1980년대 동안 대중음악의 일상적 작곡과 홍보의 일부가 됨에 따라), the initial response of many performers, fans and commentators(많은 음악가들과 팬들 그리고 비평가들의 초기 반응은) was to argue that it was trivializing music(그것은 음악의 가치를 떨어 떨어트리고 있다고 주장하는 것이었다). The construction of an image(이미지의 제작이) had become more important than the production of sound and the ability of the listener(음악작곡과 청취자의 능력 보다 더 중요하게 되었다) to imagine(가정하면서) their own images had been colonized and replaced by the promotional mechanism of the industry(그들 자신들의 이미지는 기업의 홍보도구로 식민지가 되고 대체되었다고). Many writers were quick to take issue(많은 비평가들은 빠른게 문제를 이슈화했다) with such an argument by pointing out(~라 지적하는 그러한 논쟁으로) that for centuries music ________________(수 세기동안 음악은 ~이다). Sean Cubitt and Jody Berland both argued(신 큐비트와 죠디 버랜드는 둘다 ~을 주장했다) that the sounds and visuals of musical performance(음악적 연주의 소리와  영상은) had actually become temporarily separated(일시적인 단절이 실제로 되었다고) with the introduction of the technologies of the gramophone, radio, photography and silent film(축음기, 라디오, 사진 그리고 무성영화의 기술 도입과 더불어). But even then(그러나 그때 이후 조차도) the visual had not disappeared completely(그 음악적 시각적 효과(영상)은 완전히 사라진 적은 없었다). As Andrew Goodwin has pointed out(앤드류 구드윈이 지적한 봐와 같이), the 'image' was signified in the surrounding texts of popular music(그 음악적 이미지는 ~ 대중음악의 배경 가사들 속에서 나타났다), such as album sleeves, newspapers and magazine articles, publicity photographs and descriptions of performers(앨범 케이스, 신문 그리고 잡지기사, 음악가들의 광고 사진들과 설명과 같은) given on radio(라디오에서 제공되는) and even by the stereo 'positioning' of instruments(그리고 심지어 입체음양의 도구에 의해).

- trivialize [tríviəlàiz] vt. 하찮게 하다, 평범화하다. / colonize [kɑ́lənàiz] vt., vi. 식민지로 만들다; 식민시키다; 입식(入植)하다; 이식하다; / ‡gramophone [grǽməfòun] n. 축음기 / †signify [sígnəfài]v. ―vt. ① 의미하다,(mean). ② 『∼+목/ +that절』 표시하다; 나타내다(represent). ③ 알리다. / album sleeve 앨범 케이스 / ‡publicity [pʌblísəti] n. U ① 널리 알려짐. [opp.] privacy. ② 명성, 평판. /

For two reasons, there will be a modest return towards making goods which ______________. First, environmental considerations will put pressure on manufacturers to take back products at the end of their life. It is - and will continue to be - expensive to take a car, or a washing machine, to bits, and there will therefore be a market for products which have a long service life. Second, a combination of a relatively affluent population and concern about waste will create a market for products which are durable. This trend will be reinforced by the combination of low inflation and low interest rates, for that will remove the need to get the most rapid payback possible. Not only will there be a greater demand for quality, rather than quantity, but it will be economic to meet that demand - rather in the way that the best-built homes in Europe were built at the end of the nineteenth century, after a long period of stable prices.

For two reasons(두가지 이유로 인해), there will be a modest return(온건한 복귀가 있을 것이다) towards making goods which ______________(~한 제품을 생산하는 것에). First(첫째로), environmental considerations will put pressure on manufacturers(환경적인 고려는 제조업자들로 하여금 ~하도록 압력을 가할 것이다) to take back products at the end of their life(제품 수명이 다할 때 제품을 수거). It is - and will continue to be - expensive to take a car, or a washing machine, to bits(자동차나 세탁기를 분해하는 것은 비용이 많이 들고 계속해서 비용이 많이 들 것이다), and there will therefore be a market(그러므로 ~ 시장이 생겨날 것이다) for products which have a long service life(장기적인 서비스 수명을 갖는 제품을 위한). Second(두번째로), a combination of a relatively affluent population and concern about waste(쓰레기에 관한 비교적 풍부한 인구와 걱정의 결합은) will create a market for products which are durable(내구성이 강한 제품을 위한 시장을 만들 것이다). This trend will be reinforced by the combination of low inflation and low interest rates(이러한 경향은 낮은 물가와 낮은 이자율의 결합의해 강화될 것이다), for that will remove the need to get the most rapid payback possible(왜냐하면 그것은 가장 빠른 원금회수를 가능케하는 필요성을 제거할 것이기 때문이다). Not only will there be a greater demand for quality, rather than quantity(양보다는 질적인 더 큰 수요가 있을 뿐만 아니라), but it will be economic to meet that demand(그 수요를 충적시키는 것이 경제적이 될 것이다) - rather in the way(오히려 ~한 방식에서) that the best-built homes in Europe were built at the end of the nineteenth century(유럽에서 최고의 주택들이 19세기 말에 지어졌다), after a long period of stable prices(안정된 가격의 오랜 기간 후에).

- ‡modest [mɑ́dist / mɔ́d-]a. ① 겸손한, 조심성 있는, 삼가는. ② 정숙한 ③ 알맞은 ④ 간소한 / take A to bits : A를 분해하다 / payback [péibæ̀k] n., a. 환불(의); 원금 회수(의); 보복(의).

The mind sees its job as _________________ in order to bring about a better future. Its logic is that if we are happy now, we won't do anything to make things better. So it looks for what's wrong with the way things are so that it can figure out what to do to fix or improve things. This keeps the mind very busy and leaves us with an ongoing sense of incompleteness and lack. Because there is always something going on that could be labeled bad, there is always something to fix or improve upon. As a result, we have an ever-expanding to-do list in our minds. We may feel the need to improve our diet, our appearance, our finances, our health, our relationships, and our career. More immediately, we may feel the need to change how we feel wherever a strong feeling or sensation occurs.

The mind sees its job as _________________(마음은 직장을 ~로서 본다) in order to bring about a better future(너 좋은 미래을 가져오기 위해). Its logic is(이런 논리는 ~이다) that if we are happy now(만일 우리가 지금 행복하다면), we won't do anything to make things better(우린 무언가를 더 좋게 만들려 어떤 것도 하지 않을 것이다). So it looks for what's wrong with the way things are(그것은 어떤 것들이 있는 방식에 잘못이 무언지를 찾는 것이다) so that it can figure out what to do to fix or improve things(그것은 어떤 것들을 고치거나 개선하기 위해 무엇을 이해할 수 있는지를 위해). This keeps the mind very busy(이것은 마음을 아주 분주하게 하며) and leaves us with an ongoing sense of incompleteness and lack(우리에게 불완전함과 부족한 계속적인 느낌을 남겨 놓는다). Because there is always something going on that could be labeled bad(나쁘다고 명명될 수 있는 계속되는 뭔가가 늘 있기 때문에), there is always something to fix or improve upon(고치거나 개선할 무언가가 늘 있다). As a result(결과적으로), we have an ever-expanding to-do list in our minds(우리는 마음 속에 계속 확장되는 해야할 명단을 가지고 있다). We may feel the need to improve(우리는 ~을 개선할 필요성을 느끼는 것 같다) our diet, our appearance, our finances, our health, our relationships, and our career(우리이 식생활, 외모, 재정, 건강, 관계 또는 직업). More immediately(더욱 더), we may feel the need(우리는 ~ 필요성을 느끼는 것 같다) to change how we feel(우리가 느끼는 방법을 변화할) wherever a strong feeling or sensation occurs(강한 느낌이나 동요가 일어날 땐 늘).

- figure out 이해하다 / ‡label [léibəl] vt.  (-l-, 【영국】 -ll-) ① ┅에 레테르[딱지]를 붙이다. ② ┅에 명칭을 붙이다, 분류하다. / ‡sensation [senséiʃən] n. ① U 감각, 지각(知覺). [SYN.] ⇨ SENSE. ② U,C 감동, 흥분. ③ C 대사건.

On the screen, seeing an action and hearing its accompanying sounds adds little but a characteristic "realism" to the import of a scene. When the sound is easily recognizable, we do not have to see the action or object to know what produced the noise. The viewer mentally supplies the thing or kind of action associated with it. If, for example, a person hears a bell toll, he will associate its sound with a church, even though the church is not seen. If a barking dog is heard while a child is seen looking down at the ground, the viewer assumes that the child is starting down at the animal. Paul Rotha, the British film director and historian, noted this fact when he wrote that sound separated from its source "will not only become a symbol of that source, but also a symbol of what that source represents." This association of ideas has been used by filmmakers to good advantage to _________________. *import 의지, 취미

On the screen(화면상에서), seeing an action and hearing its accompanying sounds(행위를 보고 그 행위에 따르는 소리를 듣는 것은)  adds little but a characteristic "realism" to the import of a scene(단지 특징적 사실감을 한 장면 부가할 뿐이다). When the sound is easily recognizable(소리가 쉽게 인식될 때), we do not have to see the action or object(우리는 그 행위와 물체를 볼 필요가 없다) to know what produced the noise(그 소리를 만들어 낸 것을 알기 위해). The viewer mentally supplies the thing or kind of action associated with it(시청자는 그것(소음)과 연관된 행위의 물체나 종류를 정신적으로 제공한다(마음속에 상상한다)). If, for example, a person hears a bell toll(예를 들어, 만일 사람이 벨이 울리는 소리를 듣는다면), he will associate its sound with a church(그는 그 소리를 교회와 연관시킬 것이다), even though the church is not seen(비록 교회가 보이질 않터라도). If a barking dog is heard(개짖는 소리를 들은다면) while a child is seen looking down at the ground(한 아이가 땅을 내려다 보는 것으로 보이는 동안), the viewer assumes(시청자는 ~ 추측한다) that the child is starting down at the animal(그 아이가 그 동물이 있는 곳으로 내려가고 있다고). Paul Rotha, the British film director and historian, noted this fact(영국의 영화감독이자 역사학자인 폴 로타는 이런 사실을 직감했다) when he wrote(그가 대본을 썼을 때) that sound separated from its source(그 음원으로 부터 분리된 소리는) "will not only become a symbol of that source(그 음원의 상징일 뿐 아니라), but also a symbol of what that source represents(그 음원을 대표하는 상징이라고)." This association of ideas has been used(사고의 연상의 ~ 사용되어지고 있다) by filmmakers to good advantage to _________________(~의 좋은 잇점을 이용하기 위해서 영화제작자들에 의해). *import 의지, 취미

- accompanying [əkʌ́mpəniiŋ] a. 수반하는(징후 따위); 동봉[첨부]한 (편지 따위). / add A to B : A를 B에 더하다 / little but ~이외엔 거의 ... 않는 / ‡characteristic [kæ̀riktərístik] a. 특색을 이루는, 특질의, 독자적인. / realism [ríːəlìz-əm] n. ① 현실주의. / not have to ~할 필요가 없다 / †toll [toul] v. ―vt. ① (만종·조종 등을) 울리다(천천히 규칙적으로). ② (시계·종 따위를) 울려서 알리다[불러모으다]. ―vi. 종을 울리다; (종이) 느린 가락으로 울리다. / ‡association [əsòusiéiʃən, -ʃi-] n. U ① 연합, 관련,  제휴(with). ② 교제, 친밀(한 관계). ③ C 협회, 조합, ┅회. ④ (종종 pl.) 연상(聯想). /

It is much easier and much more effective to switch the standards of comparison. Win by comparing apples to orange and the _________________. If you are in a selling situation where there is head-on competition, even competitive bidding, this technique can still be used. Recently I was consulting with a manufacturing company in direct competitive bid warfare with a lower-price opponent. My client was losing bid after bid. I said, "Something has to change here." They said, "If we can't come in with the lower bid, we might as well come in with an even higher bid - but let's change the rules of the game when we do it." They began changing the specifications for the bids, adding value, bundling goods and services together, extending warranties, and including delivery and completion guarantees. Then we built a "How to Compare Our Bid with Others Checklist." When it was all said and done, my client started getting projects the company had been losing to low bidders before. * specifications 설명서

It is much easier and much more effective(더욱 더 쉽고 더욱 효과적이다) to switch the standards of comparison(비교표준을 바꾸는 것은). Win by comparing apples to orange and the _________________(사과를 오랜지로 바꾸는 것으로 이겨라). If you are in a selling situation(만일 당신이 판매상황에 놓여 있다면) where there is head-on competition, even competitive bidding(정면 대결, 심지어 경쟁입찰 상황에 있다면), this technique can still be used(이 기술은 여전히 사용될 수 있다). Recently I was consulting with a manufacturing company(최근에 나는 한 제조회사에 고문 역활을 하고 있었다) in direct competitive bid warfare with a lower-price opponent(저가 경쟁업체와의 직접적인 경쟁입찰에 대해). My client was losing bid after bid(나의 고객은 계속해서 입찰에 떨어지고 있었다). I said, "Something has to change here."(이 시점에서 무언가를 바꿔야한다고 말했다) They said, "If we can't come in with the lower bid(만일 우리가 더 낮은 입찰을 제시할 수 없다면), we might as well come in with an even higher bid(우리는 더욱 더 높은 입찰가를 제시하는 것이 당연하다라고 그들은 말했다) - but let's change the rules of the game(그러나 그 경쟁 입찰 규칙을 바꿔보자) when we do it(우리가 입찰을 할 때)." They began changing the specifications for the bids(그들은 입찰을 위한 설명서를 바꾸기 시작했다), adding value, bundling goods and services together(가격과 끼워주는 상품과 서비스를 함께 추가 시키며), extending warranties, and including delivery and completion guarantees(품질보증기간을 늘리고 배송과 완제품 보증서을 포함시켰다). Then we built a "How to Compare Our Bid with Others Checklist."(그때 우리는 우리의 입찰을 다른 대조표와 비교하는 방법을 만들었다) When it was all said and done(모든 것이 협의되어 끝났을 때), my client started getting projects(나의 고객은 프로젝트을 따내기 시작했다) the company had been losing to low bidders before(그 회사가 전에 너 낮은 입찰자들에게 지고 있었다는).

* specifications 설명서

- ‡switch [switʃ] n.  『+목+전+명』 (생각·화제 따위를) 바꾸다, 전환하다. / head-on [hédɑ́n / -ɔ́n] a. 정면의. / †bidding [bídiŋ] n. U 명령; 입찰, 초대. / ‡consult [kənsʌ́lt] v. ―vt. ① ┅의 의견을 듣다, ┅의 충고를 구하다; ┅의 진찰을 받다. ② (사전·서적 등을) 참고하다, 찾다, 보다. ―vi. ① 의논하다, 협의하다; (변호사 등에게) 조언을 구하다(with a person about a matter). ② (회사 등의) 고문[컨설턴트] 노릇을 하다(for). / ‡warfare [wɔ́ːrfɛ̀əːr] n. U 전투(행위), 교전(상태); 전쟁(war); 싸움. / come in with ~제안[제시]하다 / might[may] as well ~ 하는 것은 당연하다 / ‡extend [iksténd] v. ―vt. ① (손·발 따위를) 뻗다, 펴다. ② (선·거리·기간 따위를) 연장하다, 늘이다; 연기하다. / warranty [wɔ́(ː)rənti, wɑ́r-] n. C 〖법률〗 담보; 보증(서); 영장, 명령서; / completion guarantees 완제품 보증서 / chéck lìst 【미국】 대조표, 점검표; 선거인 명부. /

The idea of the Belly Button Rule was initially discovered in a study by ⒶW. T. James in the 1930s. Through a series of tests that had respondents identifying almost 350 different meanings for various poses from a series of photographs, James was able to determine that the direction of the torso plays a key role in determining a person's level of interest. James separated belly button directionality into four key groups: approach (interest), withdrawal (disinterest), expansion (heightened interest and confidence), and contraction (nervousness and slightly reduced interest). About thirty years later, ⒷDr. Albert Mehrabian further refined James's studies, noting that belly button direction was                          . Numerous studies have appeared since that time, confirming that the Belly Button Rule is one of the most accurate ways of gauging a person's interest and intent. The direction our belly button faces reflects our attitude and reveals our emotional state. When we suddenly turn our belly button toward a door or  an exit or simply away from someone, we subconsciously send the signal that we want out of the conversation and perhaps even out of the interaction.

The Belly Button Rule is     Ⓐ     to       Ⓑ       .

In one classic experiment, divers learned lists of words in two environments, on dry land and underwater. They were later asked to recall the words in one of the two environments: either in the ①original environment in which the words were leaned or in the ②alternative environment. Lists learned underwater had higher recall underwater, and lists learned on dry land had higher recall on dry land. The experimenters later proved that this effect was                                     and not related to the ③disruption of moving environments. Some companies have used this effect to their advantage. In The Experience Economy, Pine and Gilmore quote the example of Standard Parking of Chicago, which had a parking garage at O'Hare Airport. To help customers remember on which floor they parked their car, they played a ④same signature tune at each level of the garage, and decorated the walls with the icons of different local sports franchises, so the Bulls were on one floor and the Blackhawks on ⑤another. They quote one local resident saying, 'You never forget where you parked!'

The marks people have been    Ⓐ   with is one of the     Ⓑ    to improve their memory.

Certain key position in your company may have Ⓐrevolving-door loyalty. Just when you have a treasured employee fully trained, he hits the road. If you see this pattern repeat itself, you may need to redesign the position. UPS found that when they redesigned their drivers' position so that it no longer included the thankless job of loading the trucks, they were able to dramatically increase the length of driver employment. UPS made a strategic decision. They determined that the drivers were the face of the company and that their customers didn't appreciate meeting a new driver every six months.     Ⓑ       , the company figured that the loading jobs were lower-skilled and likely always to be high-turnover jobs. This didn't concern them, because the training period for the loading jobs were much shorter than for the driver jobs and the customer contact was minimal. Sometimes                           Ⓒ                             .

Off in the distance General Longstreet picked up a conversation between two men. It was an argument. One man must find/have found out that Ⓐthe other had some sort of sympathy for the Union Army across the way. He became very angry and very violent, and he said bad things about the Union Army. The other man responded/responded to his friend's comments by explaining that he was not siding with them, and that he would never side with them. He was only making a point that he had three cousins across the field, and he hoped that they were still alive and well. The angry man                     Ⓑ                 and told his friend that, after all, he and his cousins had chosen their sides of that fight, and that it would be God's way to decide which/whom of them would be able to go home. The Union "sympathizer" held his head low. The other man came over to him, rubbed his head, and told the man, "I sure hope that you are the one going home."

ⒶOur delusion that happiness comes from the things that we desire, and ①that therefore by desiring and acquiring more things we will become more happy, is a vicious circle. Because we desire something, we feel happy when we obtain it, and because we feel happy when we obtain it, we desire more of it. In this way our desires are always ②continuously increasing and multiplying. The raging fire of our desires can never be extinguished by the objects of our desire. The more we acquire those objects, the more intensely our desire for them and for other such objects will rage. ③Trying to extinguish the fire of our desires by fulfilling them is like trying to extinguish a fire by pouring petrol upon it. The objects of our desire are the fuel that keeps the fire of our desires ④burning. The only way we can extinguish this fire of our desires is by knowing the truth that all the happiness that we seem to derive from the objects of our desire ⑤do not actually come from those objects              Ⓑ              .

If we attempt to specify the ways ①in which human beings are unique and different from other animal species, we must quickly conclude that most, if not all, differences are           Ⓐ           . That is, other animals may possess a particular trait similar to humans, but not to the same extent.      Ⓑ     , if we say that a distinctive characteristic of humankind is language, it is possible to point to communication among dolphins or the sign language ②learned by apes in certain experiments as simple and basic forms of the same behavior. Or, if we say ③that social organizations are a human trait, a parallel might be found in the behaviors of bees or ants. We have elaborate rituals connected with death, but elephants have been ④observed engaging in what might be called a burial ceremony. Music may even have its animal counterpart in whalesong or birdsong - to a degree.     Ⓒ    , it is the degree of human involvement in such behaviors as language, social organizations, rituals, and music that ⑤separate us from other animals.

It is sometimes (A)easy/difficult to get knocked off your target by the ①other party during a negotiation. It therefore pays to carry your goals with you and,                                  , take a break and review them before going forward. The point is not to lose sight of your goals in the confusion of a actual negotiation. Barry Diller, the successful television executive and entrepreneur, learned his lesson the hard way when he got ②caught up in bidding for the rights to the first television showing of the movie The Poseidon Adventure in the early 1970s. Representing ABC, Diller ended up bidding $3.3 million - by far the highest amount ever ③payment for such a property at the time - and (B)losing/making money for his network. The reason Diller paid so much? He agreed to participate in the first open-bid auction for TV rights to a movie. In the frantic bidding that ④followed. he (C)forgot/remembered about his primary goal - making a profit - and got caught up in ⑤what one CBS executive who bid against him called the "fever" of winning a competition.

A basis of influence with special relevance to personal relationships and groups is Ⓐreferent power. This exists when we admire or identify with a person or group and want to be like them. In such cases, we may ①voluntarily copy their behavior or do what they ask                                                      . In everyday life we may not think of ②identification as a type of influence, but it can be very effective. A young child who looks up to an older brother, tries to ③avoid his mannerisms, and adopts his interest is one illusion. A young man who drinks a particular brand of beer because he identifies with the "macho" image of the sportsmen promoting the product in TV commercials is also being ④influenced by referent power. Recently, Raven has discussed the possibility of "negative referent power," which occurs when we want to ⑤separate ourselves from a disliked or unappealing person or group. To avoid being identified with the unattractive other, we may deliberately avoid copying their behavior.

Before developing invention designs, Ⓐinventors likely first identify the intended function of the invention. When the inventor then generates initial invention designs, he often (A)constrains/disregards the form of the invention through implicit analogies to components of nature or existing products whose function matches or approximates that of the intended invention. For example, early airplane inventors frequently (B)imitated/eliminated the form of animals capable of flight, modeling their flying craft after albatrosses, bats, and various insects such as beetles.   Ⓑ     , architects have made structural innovations through analogies to our actions toward objects and to the forces, tensions, and interactions within our skeletomuscular system. Such analogies seem a (C)plausible/groundless basis for invention in the mechanical realm as well.    Ⓒ     , joysticks, such as those found on many video games, may well have evolved through an analogy to human ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder joint.

* skeletomuscular system 근․골격계 ** ball-and-socket joint 구관절

The Massachusetts-based company Advanced Cell Technology is planning to clone certain dead creatures to bring them back to life. There's talk of trying to bring back the Tasmanian tiger, a wolflike animal that Ⓐlost its last grip on survival in the 1930s. Even the prehistoric mammoth is being considered for a possible comeback. It's a fascinating scientific gimmick, a perfect example of doing something because we can. We should leave it at that. But we won't. There's excited talk of cloning and genetic engineering offering a marvelous boost to wildlife conservation, a high-tech solution to our tendency to drive plant and animal species to extinction.                               Ⓑ               , for the cloning of endangered species completely contradicts the spirit and practice of conservation. Conservation isn't just about saving a particular species; it's about reducing our destructive impact on natural systems that are in increasing danger of being unable to sustain themselves.

At the Christmas season I'd expected a modest office party, dinners with Jack's clients, maybe a simple reception at Matt and Claire's, but none of those happened. Instead ⒶJack brought home extravagantly wrapped presents and a tree that had to be topped in order to fit under the high ceiling of our living room. When I asked what he wanted me to fix for our holiday dinner, he said he'd arranged to have it cater/catered - hors d'oeuvres, standing-rib roast, horseradish sauce, Yorkshire pudding, assorted/assorting vegetables, everything down to the plum pudding, which I had never imagined. And champagne and expensive wines, of course. He'd invited Matt and Claire, and selected appropriate presents for them. A design firm was coming to trim the tree. Meanwhile, I found myself rather discouraged/discouraging by his preparation and mourning the loss of our previous simple Christmas in Los Angeles.

“The greatest room for music and opera in the world - bar none" was Frank Lloyd Wright's assessment of the Auditorium Theatre of Roosevelt University. Designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler in 1886, the Auditorium remains one of the most acoustical/acoustically ①perfect theatres of the era. Located/Locating inside the Auditorium Building with a hotel and restaurant, the Auditorium Theatre survived the decades ②partly because it have been /would have been too expensive to demolish. A move to destroy it failed in 1923, but                    in 1929 when the Chicago Opera Company found a ③newer home. The theatre closed in 1941, then reopened as a recreation center for soldiers during World War II, with a bowling alley installed on the stage. Roosevelt College (later Roosevelt University) ④sold the Auditorium Building in 1946 and used the hotel floors for classes and offices while the theatre stood empty. In the 1960s, Beatrice T. Spachner led a drive to restore the Auditorium Theatre. It reopened in 1967, yet restoration work ⑤continued for two decades.

* bar none : 단연코, 예외 없이

The Katsura Palace is located near the Katsura River, to the southwest of the imperial city of Kyoto in Japan. The palace and gardens provided a place for the Imperial family in the cultural ear of the late 16th century. The main palace is an open, timber-framed construction with simple tatami (rice-straw) matted rooms and elevated/elevates verandas from which/of which to contemplate the changing seasons. The garden arbors and pavilions surrounding the main palace are approached from a sequence of carefully staged routes. The buildings have an understated simplicity, and the landscape has been subtly manipulated to blur the distinction between artificial and natural environments. Artificial objects, such as fences and paving stones, have been subjected to the forces of nature, such as weathering, while natural features have been clipped, aligned and polished to emphasize their eccentricity and "unnaturalness." The effect is discreet and fascinating, contributed/contributing to a heightened aesthetic awareness of the architecture and the landscape.

* arbor 정자

The use of motion in movie composition can be positive. For example, movement along a ①definite line can tend to carry the audience's eye with it or even ②ahead of it, acting as a sort of ________________. Imagine a New England landscape nicely framed in foreground foliage, with a white ribbon of road curving across the picture and leading toward a village. Ordinarily, the white line of the road itself would probably be the ③strongest factor in the composition. But suppose we have a car driver along the road in the direction of the village. The movement will tend strongly to send the audience's eyes racing along the road ahead of the car to focus on the village, logically setting the ④practical stage for following scenes made in the village itself. ⒶThis, by the way is true even if you only show the car moving along the road., ⑤without taking the time to have it completely cross the frame and reach the village in that one shot.

Physicians are too quite/rarely aware of their patients' need for _____________, so they often don't know how to account for dramatic improvements in their patients' conditions. Recently, I received a letter from a doctor telling me that Ⓐa woman with extensive breast cancer, whom we had ①both cared for, had returned to his office five months after he had sent her to a nursing home - and that he had "never seen her ②looking so well!" No further comment by the doctor was made. I told the medical student who was walking with me to call the woman and find out her story, because I was sure there ③would be one/ones. The woman told the student that when she got to the nursing home, she found conditions there so unbearable and depressing/unbearably and depressingly that she led a revolution among the other "inmates" to insist that they ④received better treatment. She spent time talking with the staff about the tenderness and love the patients needed, and she transformed the place. Then she felt so ⑤good that she went home and bought herself a new car!

As video became part of the day-to-day production and promotion of popular music during the 1980s, the initial response of many performers, fans and commentators was to argue that it was trivializing music. ① The construction of an image had become more important than the production of sound and the ability of the listener to imagine their own images had been colonized and replaced by the promotional mechanism of the industry. ② Many writers were quick to take issue with such an argument by pointing out that for centuries music ________________. ③ Sean Cubitt and Jody Berland both argued that the sounds and visuals of musical performance had actually become temporarily separated with the introduction of the technologies of the gramophone, radio, photography and silent film. ④ As Andrew Goodwin has pointed out, the 'image' was signified in the surrounding texts of popular music, such as album sleeves, newspapers and magazine articles, publicity photographs and descriptions of performers given on radio and even by the stereo 'positioning' of instruments. ⑤

But even then the visual had not disappeared completely.

For two reasons, there will be a ①modest return towards making goods which ______________. First, environmental considerations will put pressure on manufacturers to take back products at the end of their life. It is - and will continue to be - ②inexpensive to take a car, or a washing machine, to bits, and there will therefore be a market for products which have a ③long service life. Second, a combination of a relatively affluent population and concern about waste will create a market for products which are ④durable. This trend will be reinforced by the combination of low inflation and low interest rates, for that will remove the need to get the most ⑤rapid payback possible. Not only will there be a greater demand for quality, rather than quantity, but it will be economic to meet that demand - rather in the way that the best-built homes in Europe were built at the end of the nineteenth century, after a long period of stable prices.

Manufacturers and consumers are all concerned about the __________.

The mind sees its job as _________________ in order to bring about a better future. Its logic is that if we are ①happy now, we won't do anything to make things better. So it looks for what's ②wrong with the way things are so that it can figure out what to do to fix or improve things. This keeps the mind very ③busy and leaves us with an ongoing sense of incompleteness and lack. Because there is always something going on that could be labeled ④good, there is always something to fix or improve upon.     Ⓐ    , we have an ever-expanding to-do list in our minds. We may feel the need to improve our diet, our appearance, our finances, our health, our relationships, and our career.      Ⓑ    , we may feel the need to change how we feel wherever a ⑤strong feeling or sensation occurs.

On the screen, seeing an action and hearing its accompanied/accompanying sounds adds little but a characteristic "realism" to the import of a scene. When the sound is easily recognizable, we do not have to see the action or object to know what produced the noise. The viewer mentally supplies the thing or kind of action associated/associating with it. If, for example, a person hears a bell toll, he will associate its sound with a church, even though the church is not seen. If a barked/barking dog is heard while a child is seen looking down at the ground, the viewer assumes that the child is starting down at the animal. ⒶPaul Rotha, the British film director and historian, noted this fact when he wrote that sound separated from its source "will not only become a symbol of that source, but also a symbol of what that source represents." This association of ideas has been used by filmmakers to good advantage to _________________.

*import 의지, 취미

It is much easier and much more effective to switch the standards of comparison. Win by comparing apples to orange and the _________________. If you are in a selling situation where there is head-on competition, even competitive bidding, this technique can still be used. Recently ⒶI was consulting with ①a manufacturing company in direct competitive bid warfare with a lower-price opponent. ②My client was losing bid after bid. I said, "Something has to change here." ③They said, "If we can't come in with the lower bid, we might as well come in with an even higher bid - but let's change the rules of the game when we do it." ④They began changing the specifications for the bids, adding value, bundling goods and services together, extending warranties, and including delivery and completion guarantees. Then we built a "How to Compare Our Bid with Others Checklist." When it was all said and done, my client started getting projects the company had been losing to ⑤low bidders before. * specifications 설명서