미국의 몰몬교도

 

교재는 서점에서 구입하실 수 있습니다.

 

 

 

 

 

It's Mormon in America

Romney's religion just might be his greatest asset.

By DAVID FRUM

Voters are likely to know two things about Mitt Romney: that he's rich and that he's a Mormon. At the same time, more than one fifth of Americans tell pollsters they won't vote for a Mormon for president. Yet if Americans understand Mormonism a little better, they might begin to think of Romney's faith as a feature, not a bug, in the Romney candidacy. If anything, Romney's religion may be the best offset to the isolation from ordinary people imposed by his wealth.

It was Romney's faith that sent him knocking on doors as a missionary - even as his governor father campaigned for the presidency of the United States. It was Romney's position as a Mormon lay leader that had him sitting at kitchen tables doing family budgets during weekends away from Bain Capital. It was Romney's faith that led him and his sons to do chores together at home while his colleagues in the firm were buying themselves ostentatious toys.

Maybe the most isolating thing about being rich in today's America is the feeling of entitlement. Not since the 19th century have the wealthiest expressed so much certainty that they deserve what they have, even as their fellow citizens have less and less.

1~3 [해석 및 분석]

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/EvXtcNZvyk8

It's Mormon in America (미국의 몰론 교도)

Romney's religion just might be his greatest asset (Rommey의 종료는 단지 그의 가장 큰 자산일 것 같다.) .

By DAVID FRUM

Voters are likely to know two things about Mitt Romney (유권자들은 Mitt Romney후보에 관한 두 가지를 있는 것 같다) : that he's rich and that he's a Mormon (첫째는 그가 부자이고 둘째는 그가 몰몬교도라는 것이다) . At the same time (동시에) , more than one fifth of Americans tell pollsters they won't vote for a Mormon for president (미국인의 1/5 이상은 여론조사원에 말하기를 그들은 대통령으로 몰몬교도에게 투표하지 않을 것이라고) . Yet if Americans understand (그러나 만일 미국인들이 몰론주의 조금 더 잘 이해한다면,) Mormonism a little better, they might begin to think of Romney's faith as a feature, not a bug, in the Romney candidacy (그들은 Romney후보자 출마에 그의 신앙이 오점이 아닌 특징(장점)으로서 생각할 것 같다) . If anythin (그렇다손 친다면) g, Romney's religion may be the best offset to the isolation from ordinary people imposed by his wealth (Romney의 종교는 그의 부에 대한 반감을 갖는 일반 시만들로 부터의 고립에 가장 좋은 상쇄가 될 것 같다.) .

It was Romney's faith that sent him knocking on doors as a missionary (선교사로 가가호호 방문하러 그를 보낸 것은 Romney의 신앙심이었다)  - even as his governor father campaigned for the (그의 주지사인 아버지가 미 대통령 선거 운동을 해던 그 순간에도) presidency of the United States. It was Romney's position as a Mormon lay leader that had him sitting at kitchen tables doing (그것은 Romney의 주말이면 회사를 떠나 부엌에 앉아 가계부를 짜는 소박한 한 몰몬교의 지도자의 자세이었다) family budgets during weekends away from Bain Capital. It was Romney's faith that led him and his sons to (그와 아들들이 집에서 함께 가사을 돌보게 이끄는 것은 Romney의 신앙심이었다) do chores together at home while his colleagues in the firm were buying themselves ostentatious toys (그의 회사 동료들은 자신들을 위한 호사스런 장난감을 사는 동안에) .

Maybe the most isolating thing about being rich in today's America is the feeling of entitlement (아마도 오늘의 미국사회에서 부에 관한 가장 고립적인 것은 (특정 집단을 위한 정부의) 재정 지원 혜택인 것 같다) . Not since the 19th century (19세기 이후론) have the wealthiest expressed so much certainty that they deserve what they have (가장 부유한 사람들은 자신들이 그렇만한 재산을 갖을만 하다는 확실함을 표현을 하지 못하고 있다) , even as their fellow citizens have less and (그들 동료 시민들이 더욱 더 덜 갖고 있는 순간에도) less.

- 모르몬교도(1830년 미국에서 Joseph Smith)가 창립한 모르몬 교회(정식 명칭은 the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)의 교도 / offset 차감 계산하다, <장점이><단점을> 벌충하다 / imposed (과거분사로 수동형) ~의해 부과된(반감이 된) / it is [강조할 내용] that 강조용법 / even as ~하는 바로 그 순간에 / lay leader 민중지도자 / Bain Capital 매사추세츠즈의 보스톤에 위치한 세계대안투자회사 / entitlement (공식적인) 자격[권리], (특정 집단을 위한 정부의) 재정 지원 혜택 / Not since ~로 시작되어, have가 도치된 문장

★ 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. [1~3]

It's ⒶMormon in America

Romney's religion just might be his greatest asset.

By DAVID FRUM

Voters are likely to know two things about ⒷMitt Romney: that he's rich and that he's a Mormon. At the same time, more than one fifth of Americans tell pollsters they won't vote for a Mormon for president. Yet if Americans understand Mormonism a little better, they might begin to think of Romney's faith as a feature, not a bug, in the Romney candidacy. If anything, Romney's religion may be the best offset to the isolation from ordinary people imposed by his wealth.

It was Romney's faith that sent him knocking on doors as a missionary - even as his governor father campaigned for the presidency of the United States. It was Romney's position as a Mormon lay leader that had him sitting at kitchen tables doing family budgets during weekends away from Bain Capital. It was Romney's faith that led him and his sons to do chores together at home while his colleagues in the firm were buying themselves ostentatious toys.

Maybe the most isolating thing about being rich in today's America is the feeling of entitlement. Not since the 19th century have the wealthiest expressed so much certainty that they deserve what they have, even as their fellow citizens have less and less.

1. 위 글에서 밑줄 친 ⒶMormon의 대한 미국인들의 생각으로 옳은 것은?¹⁾

① They trust that Mormon contributed to American

   economy.

② They think that Rommey is not a Mormon.

③ They are unwilling to vote for a Mormon for president.

④ All Mormons are very ostentatious.

⑤ The richest have expressed their wealth.

2. 위 글의 밑줄 친 ⒷMitt Rommey와 관계가 없는 것은?²⁾

① frugality             ② a Mormon lay leader

③ wealth              ④ president candidacy

⑤ ostentation

3. 위 글과 일치하지 않는 것은?³⁾

① 롬니의 종교는 그의 가장 큰 자산인 것 같다.

② 유권자들은 롬니가 부자이고 몰몬교도라는 것을 안다.

③ 미국인들은 몰몬교에 대한 잘 알고 있다.

④ 롬니의 종교는 고립감의 탈출의 최고의 벌충이 될 것 같

   다.

⑤ 롬니는 독실한 몰몬교도이다.

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/spJD-U5SqEE

4~6

To be a Mormon, on the other hand, is to feel perpetually uncertain of your place in America. It's been a long time since the U.S. government waged war on the Mormons of the Utah Territory. Still, even today, Mormons are American's most mockable minority. It's hard to imagine a Broadway musical satirizing jews, blacks, or gays. There is no Napoleon Dynamite about American Muslims.

This uncertainty about Mormonism's status in America no doubt contributes to the ferocious work ethic typical of members of the Church of Jeus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Mormons are taught to be "anxiously engaged in a good cause," in the words of Mormon scripture. Stephen Mansfield, the (non-Mormon) author of The Mormonizing of America, explains, "Mormons believe they are in life to pass tests set for them." The passage of repeated tests leads to self-improvement, ultimately to the point of perfection. In the words of early Mormon leader Lorenzo Snow: "As man now is, God once was; as God now is, man may become." From the point of view of Christian orthodoxy, that idea may be unsettling; as a spur to effort, it's unrivaled.

Like their Calvinist forebears, Mormons are inclined to interpret economic success as an indicator of divine approval, a fulfillment of the Book of Mormon's promise that the faithful will "prosper in the land." This prosperity gospel may explain some of Romney's defiant pride in his material success. Yet Romney's attitude toward money seems also to have been shaped by the LDS church's emphatic hostility to conspicuous consumption and lavish display.

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/spJD-U5SqEE

4~6 [해석 및 분석]

To be a Mormon, on the other hand, is to feel perpetually uncertain of your place in America (몰몬교도가 되다는 것은, 다른 한편으로, 미국에서 당신의 위치가 영속적으로 불확실해지는 느낌을 갖는 것이다) . It's been a long time (오랜 시간을 걸렸다) since the U.S. government waged war on the Mormons of the Utah Territory (미정부가 유타지역의 몰몬교도과 전쟁을 선포한 후) . Still, even today, Mormons are American's most mockable (아직도, 오늘날까지도, 몰몬교도는 미국에서 가장 조롱받는 소수집단이다) minority. It's hard to imagine a Broadway musical satirizing jews, blacks, or gays (브로드웨어 뮤직컬이 유태인, 흑인 또는 동성연애자들을 조롱하는 것을 상상하긴 힘들다) . There is no Napoleon Dynamite about (미국 이슬람교도에 관한 나폴레옹적인 강렬한 것은 없다) American Muslims.

This uncertainty about Mormonism's status in America no doubt contributes to (미국에서 몰몬교의 지위에 관한 불확실성은 의심의 여지없이 ~에 기여한다)   the ferocious work ethic typical of members of (몰몬교인들의 전형적인 사악한 직업윤리)  the Church of Jeus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Mormons are taught to be "anxiously engaged in a good cause (몰론교도들은 대의명분에 간절히 참여하도록 배운다) ," in the words of Mormon scripture (몰몬성전구절에서) . Stephen Mansfield, the (non-Mormon) author of The Mormonizing of America, explains (비 몰몬교도이면 미국의 몰몬화 작가인 Stephen Mansfield(스테펀 맨스필드)는 설명하기를,) , "Mormons believe they are in life to pass tests set for them (몰몬교도들은 자신들에게 지워진 시험을 통과하기 위해 살고 있다 믿는다고) ." The passage of repeated tests leads to self-improvement, ultimately to the point of (반복되는 시험의 통과는 자기향상, 긍극적으론 완성의 시점에 이른다) perfection. In the words of early Mormon leader Lorenzo Snow (초기 몰몬 지도자인 로렌조 스노우(Lorenzo Snow)의 설교에 따르면) : " As man now is, God once was; as God now is, man may (지금 인간이 존해하므로, 한 때 하나님은 존재했고; 지금 하느님이 존재하므로 인간은 하나님도 될 수 도있다) become." From the point of view of Christian orthodoxy (기독교 교리에 관점에 따르면) , that idea may be unsettling (그 사상은 혼란스러울 것 같다) ; as a spur to effort, it's unrivaled (노력에 대한 자극으로써, 그것은 독보적인 것이다) .

Like their Calvinist forebears (그들의 칼뱅판의(아주 엄격한) 조상들 처럼,) , Mormons are inclined to interpret economic success as an indicator of divine approval (몰몬교도들은 경제적 성공을 신이 인정한 지침으로 번역하는 경향이 있다) , a fulfillment of the Book of Mormon's promise that the faithful will "prosper in the land (신앙이 깊은 신도들은 "지상에서 번성할 것"이라는 몰몬 약속의 책의 성취로) ." This prosperity gospel may explain (이 번성의 복음은 ~ 설명할 것 같다) some of Romney's defiant pride in his material success (롬니(Romney)의 물질적 성공에서 어떤 그의 저항하는 자존심을) . Yet Romney's attitude toward money seems also to have been shaped by the (그러나 롬니의 돈에 대한 태도는 또한 ~의해 형성되어졌던 것 같다) LDS church's emphatic hostility to conspicuous consumption and lavish display (과시적 소비와 사치스런 모습에 대한 LDS교회의 단호한 적개심에) .

- it has been .... since ~이후로 쭉 (현재완료 계속) / mock (특히 흉내를 내며) 놀리다(조롱하다) / Napoleon Dynamite 2004년의 코메디 영화 / anxiously engaged in a good cause 대의명분에 간절히 참여하는 / to pass tests set for them 'set'은 과거분사로 ‘설정된[지워진] / to pass 통과하기 위하여(부사적 목적) / an indicator of divine approval은 a fulfillment와 동격 / that 절은 the Book of Mormon's promise와 동격절 / emphatic 단호한 / hostility 적대감 / conspicuous 눈에 잘 띄는, 과시적 / lavish 사치스런

★ 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. [4~6]

To be a Mormon, on the other hand, is to feel perpetually uncertain of your place in America. It's been a long time since the U.S. government waged war on the Mormons of the Utah Territory. Still, even today, Mormons are American's most mockable minority. ⒶIt's hard to imagine a Broadway musical satirizing jews, blacks, or gays. There is no Napoleon Dynamite about American Muslims.

This uncertainty about Mormonism's status in America no doubt contributes to the ferocious work ethic typical of members of the Church of Jeus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Mormons are taught to be "anxiously engaged in a good cause," in the words of Mormon scripture. Stephen Mansfield, the (non-Mormon) author of The Mormonizing of America, explains, "Mormons believe they are in life to pass tests set for them." The passage of repeated tests leads to self-improvement, ultimately to the point of perfection. In the words of early Mormon leader Lorenzo Snow: "As man now is, God once was; as God now is, man may become." From the point of view of Christian orthodoxy, that idea may be unsettling; as a spur to effort, it's unrivaled.

Like their Calvinist forebears, Mormons are inclined to interpret economic success as an indicator of divine approval, a fulfillment of the Book of Mormon's promise that the faithful will "prosper in the land." This prosperity gospel may explain some of Romney's defiant pride in his material success. Yet Romney's attitude toward money seems also to have been shaped by the LDS church's      Ⓑ      to conspicuous consumption and lavish display.

4. 위 글의 밑줄 친 Ⓐ가 뜻하는 것은?⁴⁾

① Mormons is believers beyond jews, blacks, gay or

   Muslims.

② Mormonism has confirmed its territory in America.

③ Mormons don't like Broadway musicals.

④ Mormons don't care about any kind of criticism.

⑤ Mormons is American's most mockable minority.

5. 몰몬교에 대한 교리와 맞지 않은 것은?⁵⁾

① 대의명분에 간절히 참여하도록 배우고 있다.

② 사는 목적은 시험에 통과하는 것이라 믿는다.

③ 반복되는 시험을 통해서 자기향상의 완벽한 경지에 이른다

   고 믿는다.

④ 그 교리는 기독교와 상반된다.

⑤ 경제적 성공은 자신의 근면으로 이룬 성공이라 믿는다.

6. 위 글의 밑줄 친 Ⓑ의 빈칸에 적절한 표현은?⁶⁾

① steady consolidation

② emphatic hostility

③ smooth harmony

④ theoretical indifference

⑤ theological acceptance

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/-Xt0HoRuegQ

According to his biographers Michael Kranish and Scott Helman, Romney was horrified when one of his Bain partners purchased himself a private plane. Yes, Romney bought a $55,000 car elevator. But for every story of a rich man's extravagance, there are many more of Romney's frugality: patched gloves, dented cars, and $25 haircuts.

If Romney's attitude toward money is influenced by his church, so is his outlook on how money should be used to help those in need. Mitt and Ann Romney have donated millions to the LDS church, a substantial portion of which has gone to its own internal welfare state for members in need. Unlike government aid, those who receive LDS welfare are expected to "give back"; they contributed almost 900,000 person-days in 2011. Here may originate some of Romney's skepticism about federal welfare programs.

Of course voters may also want to weigh some of Mormonism's more worrisome features. Just as 19th-century Mormons found themselves in profound conflict with the United States over the issue of polygamy, so could the theologically grounded commitment of today's LDS church to one-man-one-woman marriage place its members on a collision course with the 21st-century American mainstream, which increasingly accepts same-sex marriage.

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/-Xt0HoRuegQ

7~10 [해석 및 분석]

According to his biographers Michael Kranish and Scott Helman (롬니의 전기작가인 마이클 크래니쉬(Michale Kranish)와 스코트 헬맨(Scott Helman)에 따르면) , Romney was horrified when one of his Bain partners (롬니는 그의 투자회사의 파트너가 자신의 전용 비행기를 구입했을 때, 엄청난 실망을 하였다) purchased himself a private plane. Yes, Romney bought a $55,000 car elevator (물론, 롬니는 5만5천불의 자동차전용 승강기를 구입했다) . But for every story of a rich man's extravagance (그러나 부자의 사치에 관한 모든 이야기에도 불구하고) , there are many more of Romney's frugality (롬니의 절약에 관한 많은 것들이 있다) : patched gloves, dented cars, and $25 haircuts (덧댄 장갑, 움푹 패인 자동차 그리고 25달어의 이발) .

If Romney's attitude toward money is influenced by his church (만일 돈에 대한 롬니의 태도가 그의 교회에 의해 영향을 받고 있다면,) , so is his outlook on how money should be used to help those (어떻게 돈을 가난한 사람들을 돕기 위해 사용해야하는지에 관한 그의 인생관 또한 그의 교회에 영향을 받고 있다) in need. Mitt and Ann Romney have donated millions to the LDS church (롬니부부는 LDS(몰몬)교회에 수백만 달러를 기부했다) , a substantial portion of which has gone to its own (그 기부금의 실질적인 것이 가난한 교회신도의 내부 복지국에 들어갔다) internal welfare state for members in need. Unlike government aid (정부의 지원과 달리) , those who receive LDS welfare are expected to "give back" (LDS 복지를 혜택을 받는 사람들은 은혜를 갚기를 기대한다) ; they contributed almost 900,000 person-days in 2011 (그들은 2011년에 거의 900,000의 인일을 기부했다) . Here may originate some of Romney's skepticism about federal welfare (여기서 연방정부의 복지프로그램에 관한 약간의 롬니의 회의주의가 기원하는 것 같다) programs.

Of course voters may also want to weigh some of Mormonism's more worrisome features (물론 유권자들은 몰몬주의의 더 많은 걱정스런 특색들을 조목조목 저울질하길 원할 것 같다) . Just as 19th-century Mormons found themselves in profound conflict with the United States over the issue of polygamy (19세기 몰몬교도들이 일부다처제 문제에 대해 미국과 깊은 대립을 갖었던 것과 같이) , so could the theologically grounded commitment of today's LDS church to one-man-one-woman marriage (일부일처제에 대한 오늘날의 몰몬교회의 신학적 기반의 책임감은) place its members on a collision course with the 21st-century American mainstream, which increasingly accepts same-sex marriage (몰몬신도들을 점차 증가하는 동성결혼을 수용하는 21세기 미국인의 주류와 충돌의 과정에 몰아 넣는다) .

- so is his outlook 그의 인생관(관점)또한 그렇다(influenced by his church) / which는 donated millions를 가리키는 관계대명사 / person-day 인일(人日)(한 사람이 하루에 처리하는 작업량의 단위) / 주어는(the theologically grounded commitment) 동사(could place)로 이루워진 문장 / place A(its members) on  B(a collision course) : A를 B에 몰아  넣다

★ 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. [7~10]

According to his biographers Michael Kranish and Scott Helman, Romney was ①horrified when one of his Bain partners purchased himself a private plane. Yes, Romney bought a $55,000 car elevator. But for every story of a rich man's extravagance, there are many more of Romney's ②frugality: patched gloves, dented cars, and $25 haircuts.

If Romney's attitude toward money is influenced by his church, so is his outlook on how money should be used to help those in need. Mitt and Ann Romney have donated millions to the LDS church, a substantial portion of which has gone to its own internal welfare state for members in need. Unlike government aid, those who receive LDS welfare are expected to "     Ⓐ     "; they contributed almost 900,000 person-days in 2011. Here may originate some of Romney's skepticism about federal welfare programs.

Of course voters may also want to weigh some of Mormonism's more ③worrisome features. Just as 19th-century Mormons found themselves in ④profound conflict with the United States over the issue of polygamy, so could the theologically grounded commitment of today's LDS church to one-man-one-woman marriage place its members on a ⑤coordination course with the 21st-century American mainstream, which increasingly accepts same-sex marriage.

7. 위 글에서 밑줄 친 ①~⑤중, 문맥상 어색한 것은?⁷⁾

①         ②         ③          ④          ⑤

8. 위 글의 빈칸 Ⓐ에 적절한 표현 어구는?⁸⁾

① give and take         ② give back

③ appreciate           ④ reject

⑤ ignore

9. 위 글에 나타난 Rommey의 성격으로 적절하지 않은 것은?⁹⁾

① economical          ② frugal

③ humanitarian         ④ sacrificed

⑤ skeptical

10. 위 글과 일치하지 않은 것은?¹⁰⁾

① 롬니는 근검절약 정신을 갖고 있다.

② 그의 재정에 관한 것은 몰몬교의 영향이 크다.

③ 롬니 부부는 큰 기부를 하고 있다.

④ 롬니는 연방정부의 복지제도를 환영하고 있다.

⑤ 몰몬교는 한때 일부다처제로 정부와 갈등을 빚었다.

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/lXCu1Zl47bE

And then there is the uniquely problematic character of Mormon scripture, which makes claims about people, events, and even whole civilizations for which there is no external evidence at all. Many Mormons maintain their faith by insisting that the best evidence of ultimate truth is found in a personal feeling that one's beliefs are correct. As a businessman, Mitt Romney was a brutally realistic analyst. But on the most important questions in his life, he may have closed his mind to unwelcome facts.

Yet, all told, the influence of Mormonism on Mitt Romney's attitude and outlook is far more positive than negative - and far more positive than millions of antiMormon voters seem to understand.

동영상 강좌 바로가기 http://youtu.be/lXCu1Zl47bE

[해석 및 분석]

And then there is the uniquely problematic character of Mormon scripture (그러므로 ~ 몰몬성서의 독득한 문제가 되는 특성이 있다) , which makes claims about people, events, and even whole civilizations for which there is no external evidence at all (사람들과 사건들 그리고 심지어 어떤 외부적인 증거가 전혀 없는 전 문명에 관해 주장하는) . Many Mormons maintain their faith by insisting that (많은 몰모교도들은 ~을 주장하는 것으로 그들의 신앙을 지속시키고 있다) the best evidence of ultimate truth is found in a personal feeling that one's beliefs are correct (궁극적인 진실의 최고의 증거는 자신의 믿음이 옳다는 개인적 감정 안에서 찾는다라고) . As a businessman (기업가로서) , Mitt Romney was a brutally realistic analyst (미트 롬니는 잔인하리만큼 현실적인 분석가이다) . But on the most important questions in his life (그러나 그의 인생에서 가장 중요한 질문에 대해) , he may have closed his mind to unwelcome facts (그는 달갑지않은 사실에 대해 자신의 마음을 닫았었는지 모른다) .

Yet, all told (그러나 모든 사람들이 들어왔듯이) , the influence of Mormonism on Mitt Romney's attitude and outlook (미트 롬니의 태도와 견해에 미친 몰몬주의의 영향력은) is far more positive than negative (부정적인 것 보다 훨씬 더 긍적적이다) - and far more positive than millions of antiMormon voters seem to understand (수 백만 비몰몬교도인 유권자들이 이해하는 것 보다 더 훨씬 더 긍정적이다) .

- there is no external evidence at all for even whole civilization : which의 선행사는 civilization / is far more positive than negative 아주 많은 영향을 받았다 / all (who have been) told

★ 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오. [11~13]

And then there is the uniquely problematic character of Mormon scripture, which makes claims about people, events, and even whole civilizations for which there is                                          . Many Mormons maintain their faith by insisting that the best evidence of ultimate truth is found in a personal feeling that one's beliefs are correct. As a businessman, Mitt Romney was a brutally realistic analyst. But on the most important questions in his life, he may have closed his mind to unwelcome facts.

Yet, all told, the influence of Mormonism on Mitt Romney's attitude and outlook is far more positive than negative - and far more positive than millions of antiMormon voters seem to understand.

11. 위 글의 밑줄 친 빈칸에 적절한 표현은?¹¹⁾

① very familiar connection

② no external evidence at all.

③ global mechanism

④ God's only zone

⑤ harmony between God and man

12. 위 글을 통해 볼 때, 롬니의 인생관은?¹²⁾

① prioritized by the rich

② analyzed by Mormonism

③ influenced by Mormonism seriously

④ opened by unwelcome facts

⑤ raised up with anit-government

13. 위 글에 나타난 몰몬주의를 요약하자면?¹³⁾

① personal emotion

② whole civilizations

③ realistic analyst

④ problematic character

⑤ outlook

---

1) ③

2) ⑤

3) ③

4) ⑤

5) ⑤

6) ②

7) ⑤ collision

8) ②

9) ⑤

10) ④

11) ②

12) ③

13) ①